Life Processes | Class 10 full Chapter | Class 10 Science Chapter 5 in Animation

0:00 Hello everyone this is the fifth video of this series in this video we will study another very important chapter of class 10th which is life processes so you see this chapter and the previous chapters have the highest weightage in the exam so you just have to watch this video till the end so that all your doubts of this chapter can be cleared and it can help you in your board exam so let's start [Music] so first of all we understand what is life process so the basic functions that living organisms perform to maintain

0:45 their life on earth are called life processes so it means that all those life processes due to which we remain alive are called life processes mainly in all living beings we get to see four main life processes which are nutrition respiration transportation and excretion so we have to understand these four life processes one by one properly so first of all is nutrition so the process of taking food and converting it into energy and better nutrients What is required for life is called nutrition, that is, it is a process in which food is eaten and energy and better nutrients are taken from it, which are

1:30 necessary for our body. This nutrition is of two types, which are autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition. In autotrophic nutrition, the organisms make their own food, they do not depend on anyone, for example, green plants and algae. On the other hand, in heterotrophic nutrition, the organisms depend on other organisms for their food, they are not able to prepare their own food. This heterotrophic nutrition also has three types, which are saprophytic nutrition, parasitic nutrition and holotrophic nutrition. So saprophytic nutrition is such a nutrition in which the organism feeds on organic matter for its

2:17 nutrition, for example, fungi, etc. The second is parasitic nutrition. In this nutrition, the organism takes nutrition by living on the host or inside it, for example lice, tape bomb etc., so the lice live in our hair and they take nutrition from us without killing us. After this, the third type of heterotrophic nutrition is holotrophic nutrition, so this is such a nutrition in which the individual eats solid food material and then its absorption takes place, we humans and most of the evolved animals make their food from holotrophic nutrition only, this nutrition is completed in total five steps, which we will understand later, so right now we have seen

3:05 both the types of nutrition and also the sub-types inside them, so we have read in autotrophic nutrition that they make their own food and all plants come in it, so now we have to see how this nutrition happens, that is, nutrition in plants, nutrition inside plants, so all the plants make their food by the same process, which is Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis is a reaction by which all green plants make their food by converting light energy into chemical energy. We get to see this chemical reaction during photosynthesis. So if you look at this reaction, in it, six molecules of carbon dioxide and water are forming in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll, C6 H12 O6 which is

3:52 glucose and oxygen. So there are three main steps in the process of photosynthesis. So in the process of photosynthesis, first of all, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll. The second step is the conversion of light energy into chemical energy and the breakdown of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. And the third step is the reduction of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. That is, in this step, the carbon dioxide is reduced into carbohydrates. So the energy inside the plants comes from carbohydrates which are stored in the form of starch in the plants. So chlorophyll is the green pigment which converts sunlight into chemical energy. The chlorophyll is the main part of the plant. It is

4:38 found in chloroplasts inside the leaves. So we know that gas exchange takes place in the leaves inside the plants. This gas exchange takes place in the stomata inside the leaves. The opening and closing of the stomata are controlled by the guard cells. You have to remember this. In the beginning, we saw that holo nutrition is completed in five steps, which is ingestion, which means eating or taking the food inside, then digestion, which means digesting the food, next is absorption, which means absorbing the digested food in the body parts. After this, the fourth step is assimilation, which means releasing the energy from the absorbed food and the last step is egestion, which means expelling the waste left after taking energy from the food. So these were the

5:25 five main steps of holo nutrition. After this, we have to see the nutrition inside the amoeba. So look at these diagrams. First of all, the amoeba senses the food. After that, the amoeba has a finger-like structure called pseudopodia which surrounds the food. After that, enzymes are secreted from the cytoplasm on the food in its food vesicle. After that, the food is digested in the food vesicle, absorbed and assimilated for energy and finally, the best that remains after the energy is thrown out by the amoeba inside the amoeba. So this was the nutrition of amoeba, which is mostly not asked in the exam, but there are high chances of some question coming from that in your exam, so next

6:12 we have to understand nutrition in human beings, that is, nutrition inside human beings. So, nutrition inside human beings is mainly done through the human digestive system and it mainly has two parts, which are alimentary canal and associated glands. So what you are seeing here are the parts of the alimentary canal and these are the three glands related to human nutrition, which are slave glands, liver and pancreas. So, these three are directly related to humans. They do not evolve in the digestion of food inside, which means that food does not enter inside them directly, rather these glands secrete some important substances that help in the digestion of food in the human body. So this was a matter of knowing in general about the alimentary canal and its associated things.

7:00 Now we will understand this whole process through a diagram. So the diagram that you are seeing on your screen is the human digestive system. So first of all we take the food inside the mouth. This process is called ingestion. As soon as the food comes in the mouth, the process of its digestion starts from there. So as soon as the food comes in the mouth, the teeth crush it. So our mouth has salivary glands which secrete saliva in which there is an enzyme called salivary allase which is a

7:47 complex organ inside the food, inside which gastric glands are present. There are mainly three things inside the gastric juice juice, the first of which is pepsin which breaks down the protein of the food. digests food, the second is AC which activates pepsin for the digestion of protein, so we know that HCl is a strong acid, to protect our stomach from it, mucus is found inside the gastric juice, which protects the inner lining of the stomach from the harmful effects of HCl, so after the digestion of the protein of the food in the stomach, the food reaches the small intestine, two things are present for the digestion of food in the small intestine, which are bile juice and pancreas juice, which is bile juice, which is

8:33 secreted by the liver, which emulsifies the fats present inside the food, that is, the bile juice breaks down the fats of the food, this bile juice is stored in the gall bladder of the liver, along with bile juice, pancreas juice is also secreted in the small intestine, which is secreted by the pancreas, which digests protein with the help of trypsin, digests fats with the help of lipase and amylase After all this, the final digestion takes place and if a little food remains to be digested, then intestinal juices are secreted in the intestines which do the final digestion of the food. After digestion, this food is absorbed in the small intestine only,

9:19 which happens with the help of the bile. The bile is present in the small intestine only. After this, whatever energy is released from this food is used by our body and in the end, the waste food or the food that cannot be digested comes from the small intestine to the large intestine from where water is absorbed from that waste food material and that waste material is taken out through the anus. After this, the second life process is respiration. So mostly children think of respiration as breathing, which is simply breathing, but actually respiration is quite different from breathing. Next, we will see their differences. We will also understand this. For now, simply remember that the process of releasing energy from food is

10:07 called respiration. Breathing is a process in which the organist takes in fresh air which is oxygen and expels out impure air i.e. carbon dioxide. So, look at this table. Some common differences between breathing and aspirate are given in it. So, the first difference is their definition which is that in breathing, there is an exchange of gases whereas respiration is the process of releasing energy from food. Their second difference is that the process of breathing takes place in the lungs. That is, the exchange of gases takes place in the lungs. The process of respiration takes place inside all the cells. The third difference is that breathing is a physical process

10:54 because it simply involves the exchange of gases. Respiration is a chemical process. The fourth difference is that energy is not released in breathing. Energy is released in the form of ATP during respiration. So you see, energy is released from food during respiration and this respiration is mainly of two types or we can say that respiration is of two types which are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. In aerobic respiration, food is broken down in the presence of oxygen and this process of food breakdown takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the cell. In aerobic respiration, the food

11:40 which is in the form of glucose is completely broken down and 38 ATP energy is released from it. So now here you must be thinking what is this ATP. It is the energy currency of the cell whose full form is adenosarcoma and the end products are H2O and carbon dioxide. And if we talk about anaerobic respiration, then it is such a respiration which does not require oxygen. It takes place only in the cytoplasm part of the cell. In this, there is an incomplete breakdown of food or glucose. This releases only 2 ATP energy which is very less and that is released. Along with this, in anaerobic respiration, CO2 and ethyl

12:26 alcohol or lactic acid are formed. So these were both types of respiration which were aerobic respiration and non-aerobic respiration. After understanding the types of respiration, you can look at this flow chart. It has three main conditions which are: Absence of oxygen, Presence of oxygen and Lack of oxygen. In this flow chart, it is shown where and how the breakdown takes place and what are the end products in them is also shown. So you can look at this flow chart. In this, first the food or glucose is converted into pyruvate in the cytoplasm of the cell. If oxygen is absent, like in yeast, then this pyruvate breaks down into ethanol, carbon dioxide and water. Similarly, if

13:12 oxygen is present, then this pyruvate breaks down into carbon dioxide and water inside the mitochondria. And a large amount of energy is released and how much energy is released, we have already seen it, which is 38 ETP. After this, when there is a lack of oxygen in our cells, then lactic acid forms in our cells. For example, when we do any exercise for a long time, such as running, then our muscles start getting cramps. This happens because at that time there is a lack of oxygen in the muscles and anaerobic respiration starts inside the muscles, due to which lactic acid is formed, due to which cramps etc. come. So with the help of this flowchart, you can understand

14:00 how energy is released from food in the presence of oxygen, in the absence of oxygen and in low quantity and what is their by- product. After this, we will understand the process of respiration inside some organisms. So first we understand respiration inside plants. The process of respiration inside any organism is completed in two steps, which is breathing or gaseous exchange and the second is the release of energy. So you see that breathing is a step that happens within respiration. So now if you look at the diagram of this plant, then the exchange of gases takes place from three places in the plant, which are leaves, stem and roots. So in leaves, the plant exchanges gases through stomata, in stems through lenticels and in roots, with the help of root hairs. So when oxygen reaches the plants, they break

14:47 down glucose and form carbon dioxide and water, as you can see in this reaction. So now the thing to think about here is that we have heard that plants carry out the process of photosynthesis and release oxygen, but here the opposite is happening, that the plants are respiring and releasing carbon dioxide. So you see that both the processes of photosynthesis and respiration take place inside the plants, but the amount of photosynthesis in plants is much higher in comparison to respiration, but the reaction of photosynthesis takes place only during the day, but the reaction of respiration takes place during the day. Reactions always happen, that is why you must have noticed that our family members forbid us from going near trees at night. So the scientific reason behind this is

15:35 that the process of photosynthesis is not happening at night but respiration is happening due to which the plants release CO2 gas, not oxygen. So this was our respiration in plants. After this, we have to study respiration in human beings, that is, respiration inside human beings. So this diagram that you are seeing on your screen is the human respirator system. So first of all, the air enters through our nostrils. So the nostrils filter the air and prevent the dust particles from reaching the lungs. So, from the larynx, the air reaches the trachea, which is a bundle pipe whose job is to deliver air to the lungs. So now you see that the air has reached the lungs from the nostrils. So the

16:20 lungs have three main parts, which are bronchi, bronchioles and elbows. First of all, air or oxygen reaches the bronchi of the lungs, then from the broca to the bronchus and then finally to the elbows. The process of oxygen reaching the elbows is called inhalation, which basically means taking air in. So when the air reaches the chest cavity or the elbow, the chest cavity fills with air. That is why, while breathing, that is, during inhalation, our chest cavity is seen expanding. So, you can experience it yourself that when we breathe, our chest cavity expands. So, when the air or oxygen reaches the elbows, it gets

17:06 exchanged there because the alveoli are the side of gaseous exchange in the human body, that is, the gaseous exchange inside the human body happens inside the alveoli only. So, the oxygen that is there from here, after dissolving in the blood vessels, this air or CO2 that comes into the alveoli goes back from this side. This process is called alveation, which simply means exhalation. In the process of exhalation, the chest cavity contracts as you can experience it yourself. For example, when we exhale, the chest cavity contracts. So now we come back

17:51 to our topic and see what happens when oxygen reaches the blood from the elbow. There is a pigment inside the blood called hemoglobin. Oxygen binds with it to form oxy hemoglobin, which then reaches all the cells. How this blood reaches all the cells and all the body organs, we will understand this in the next and third life process, which is transportation. This is also an important life process. In this process, there is movement of a substance from one place to another inside the body. In the process of transportation, mainly food, metallic gases, water, tissues and hormones are transported. If we talk about human beings, then in transportation, mainly three things evolve inside them, which are blood, blood

18:36 vessels and heart. So you see, blood is the medium that transports all the organs of the body. The second part of the blood vessels is blood vessels, so blood flows inside the blood vessels, the third is the heart which pumps blood in the blood vessels which is transported all over the body, so now we have to understand these three properly, so the first is blood, it is a fluid connective tissue which is made up of four components which are plasma, RBC, WBC and platelets, so plasma is a straw coloured fluid in which 90 to 92 is water and 6 to 8 is protein, along with this it contains some vitamins and minerals, after this the second component of blood is

19:22 RBC, so these are biconcave in shape and do not have a nucleus, they contain an iron rich pigment which is haemoglobin due to which the colour of blood is red, the next component is WBC, so these are the fig cells in human blood which prevent it from infection and harmful foreign material and the fourth component of blood is platelets, so its main The function is clotting, that is, they form a clot of blood. Like you must have noticed that when we get hurt, blood starts coming from that place. After some time, that blood stops coming on its own. So all this happens because of platelets because platelets form a clot of blood. And if we talk about the

20:07 functions of blood, then its functions are transport of food, water, oxygen and CO2, transport of waste products, transport of hormones, body defense and maintenance of water balance. All these functions are of blood. After understanding the functions of blood, now we have to understand blood vessels. So blood vessels are those channels in which blood flows. These are mainly of three types. So first is artery. So these are those blood vessels which transport pure blood from the heart to other body parts. The main important thing about arteries is that they carry only oxygenated blood. After this, the second blood vessel is blood vessels. Once there is poor blood transport in them, that is, they are blood vessels. There is

20:53 always deoxygenated blood flow in the heart, however there is one exception in the artery and the vessel, which is the pulmonary artery and the pulmonary vein. The pulmonary artery is the only artery in which deoxygenated blood flows, while the pulmonary vein is the only vein in which oxygenated blood flows. We will understand this in more detail later. After this, there is the third blood vessel, which is the capillaries. These are the smallest blood vessels that help in the exchange of substances. So after understanding blood and blood vessels, now we talk about the heart. So this diagram that you are seeing on your screen is the human heart. So let us understand this. The muscles around the heart are cardiac

21:38 muscles. The heart is a muscular organ and the muscles around it are called cardiac muscles. You will see four chambers in the heart. The upper chambers are called atrium and the lower ones are called ventricles. The chambers are ventricular and the left ventricular is called septum which separates the right portion of the heart from the left portion so the septum layer prevents the material of the right portion from going into the left portion and the material of the left portion from going into the right portion after this this structure is called a valve which allows one way flow of blood for example suppose there is blood in the right arteria then with the help of that blood

22:23 valve it prevents the blood from going into the right ventricular Coming back to the right atrium, there are a total of four valves in our heart and the sound that comes from our heart like love dove comes from the opening and closing of these bulbs. After this, what you are seeing is the pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins. I have already explained their functions to you and we have seen their location now. There is a layer all around the heart which we call pericardium which protects the heart and gives it its shape. Next we have to see the working of the heart, that is, how this heart works. So first of all,

23:09 deoxygenated blood comes in the right atrium of the heart. Deoxygenated blood from the body is the blood which contains carbon dioxide, that means that it is impure blood. This blood flows inside the veins in the human body. So when the deoxygenated blood comes in the right atrium, then due to the opening of the bulbs, it flows from the right atrium to the right ventricular, due to which the heart expands. As soon as the blood reaches the right ventricular, Which prevents the back flow of deoxygenated blood, the right ventricle reaches the lungs through the pulmonary artery where the lungs filter it, meaning that inside the lungs, CO2 is removed from the deoxygenated blood and oxygen comes inside the blood, that is, the blood gets oxygenated, so when the blood gets

23:55 oxygenated, it then comes to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein and then this oxygen is pumped to all the body parts through the blood bulb of the left ventricular through the aorta, so now you see, you must have noticed that the blood flows twice in the heart, first deoxygenated blood comes from the body and later oxygenated blood also comes to the heart, due to the blood coming twice to the heart for pumping, it is called double circulation because inside humans the blood is let into the heart twice, right now you must be getting a lot of confusion in understanding double circulation, no problem, you see this diagram, this diagram After seeing this you will not have any confusion in understanding double circulation. So this diagram is showing

24:42 double circulation in human body. So you see this is lung, this is pulmonary vein, this is aorta, this is pulmonary artery and this is vena cava. We know the functions of all these. So you see this is one circulation, deoxygenated blood from body comes to heart, then this blood reaches lungs through pulmonary artery where lungs filter this blood and it gets oxygenated. After that this oxygenated blood comes to heart through pulmonary vein and then it is pumped to the whole body through aorta. So you see this is the second time blood has come to heart. This is the reason why it is called double circulation. This process continues very fast in our body. Our heart pumps approximately 5 to 7 liters of blood in a minute.

25:28 Whereas our heart normally pumps 70 to 80 Hz blood in 1 minute. So this This was transportation inside human beings. After this, we have to see transportation inside plants. So, inside plants also, water, minerals and food are transported. The water and minerals are absorbed from the soil through the roots of the plant and then they are transported to different parts of the plant, such as stems, leaves and flowers. The food is prepared in the leaves of the plant, which is transported to the developing parts of the plant. So, there are two mediums of transportation inside plants, which are xylem and fuel. So, we will see the transport of both of these one by one. First is xylem. Xylem is

26:14 a tissue inside plants that transports water and minerals. The transport of xylem inside plants is unidirectional. It means that xylem transports water and minerals in one direction only. And this happens because in plants, water and minerals are mainly transported through the roots, which are transported upwards in one direction only. Physical forces such as transpe pull evolve in the transport of xylem. If we talk about fume, then it is also a tissue which evolves mainly in the transport of food inside the plant. Transport of food inside fume occurs in both upward and downward direction and this happens because food is prepared in the leaves of the plant, so it has to reach both upward and downward places.

27:01 That is why the transport of fume is bidirectional. Along with this, the fuel which transports food, energy evolves in the form of ATP which is not involved in the transport of xylem. After this, we have to understand the fourth and last life process of the human body which is excretion. So this is such a biological process in which harmful nitrogenous metabolic waste is removed from the body. That means that in this process, that waste is removed which is generated from metabolic activity. Metabolic activity such as nutrition, respiration, etc. human There are mainly three types of waste forms in the body, which are digestive waste, respiratory waste and nitrogenous waste. In which the digestive

27:48 waste goes out of the body through the process of ejaculation and respiratory waste also goes out through the same process. Now the remaining nitrogenous waste is that waste which we will understand in the topic of dissolving in the blood in our body. So we see the process of excretion in human beings, so there is a human excreta bladder and a urethra. Now we have to understand these four properly. So first is the kidney. Kidney is a reddish brown bean shaped organ which is in the upper retro

28:35 poneurotic region. This is the region which you are seeing now. In our body, kidneys are present in pairs. Its function is that whatever waste form is present inside the kidney, which is urine, it drains it out into the urinary bladder, meaning it drains out urine from the kidney into the urinary bladder. Urine is temporarily stored in the bladder and later released from the urethra. So now we have seen the functions of the human excrete system. Now we have to see how the human excrete system works. So you see this is the aorta. First of all, blood comes to both the kidneys through the renal artery of the aorta. You must be seeing these red coloured arteries.

29:20 As soon as blood comes to the kidneys, the kidneys filter that blood and separate the best form of it, which is urine, from the blood. After this, the blood which has been filtered goes back to the whole body through the renal bean which is connected to the vena cava and is visible to you in blue colour. So now you see that the blood which has been filtered goes back to the human body again, but the best form of urine reaches the urinary bladder through the ureter where it is temporarily stored, which comes out of the urethra. So, in the human excrete system, we get to see this process. So now we have seen that the kidney filters the blood, so now we have to know what is inside the kidney that it filters the blood,

30:07 so you see this is the structure inside the kidney, inside it there is a filtration unit which is called nephron, approximately 1.2 million nephrons are present in each kidney, 1.2 million means about 12 lakh nephrons are present in each kidney, so now you understand the nephron, the nephron is a filtration unit of the kidney in which there is a tube which connects to the duct, along with this there is also a cup shaped structure which we call the woman capsule, the woman capsule inside the nephron filters the blood and collects the urine, after the woman capsule the next part of the nephron is Henle loop which is a long U shaped portion which reabsorbs glucose amino acids and water,

30:52 after this the urine is formed It is aerated in the urine duct and then it reaches the urinary bladder through the ureter. So, in this way, the blood is filtered inside the nephron. After this, we have to understand the last topic of this chapter, which is excretion in plants. So, there are mainly three types of waste forms in plants, which are gaseous waste, liquid waste and solid waste. So, plants excrete gaseous waste through respiration through stomata. Plants also excrete liquid waste through the process of transpiration through stomata, which mainly contains water. Along with this, solid waste such as old leaves, boxes, etc., plants separate them from their body and expel them. So, that is all in today's video.

31:40 Whatever has been taught to you here in this chapter is enough for the board exam. If you prepare this much, then it will help you a lot in your exam. If you liked this video, then you can like it and if you want, you can also subscribe to this channel for the upcoming videos of this series. See you in the next video thanks for watching take care by