الثالث المتوسط- الاجتماعيات- الجغرافية- المحاضرة-٥

0:05 [Music] Hello, third-year middle school students, we are back with a video of the lectures for the first unit, geography. In the previous lectures, we talked about the location of Iraq and the importance of the strategic location, in addition to the climate, its elements, and the weather, in addition to the natural vegetation. Today, we have reached our lecture on water resources and water materials. Our dear country, Iraq, was previously called Mesopotamia. The reason for the existence of the Tigris River was the uniqueness of it, and they called it Mesopotamia. Today, we will come to study everything related to surface water and groundwater in Iraq, so follow along with me. First, let me give you some space. Our country, Iraq, is famous for its abundance of water, so they

0:51 chose to call it Mesopotamia or the two rivers. Why? In relation to what are the two rivers, Al-Jalla and Al-Fara? Okay, water materials are divided according to their sources into several sections, three main sections, which are rain and snow, which feed me with water, in addition to surface water, which is represented by the Tigris, Farak, and Shatt al-Arab rivers, and the lakes and marshes, which are surface water on the surface of the earth. Okay, and groundwater is present within the earth’s crust. Dig Wells and springs look good to me if we have three sources of rain, snow, surface water and groundwater. Okay, let's study water in sequence: rain and snow. Okay, rain and snow are a major source of feeding rivers and

1:38 other water resources, in addition to their great importance, including in agriculture. If rain is the main source of feeding rivers, the main source of feeding rivers and other water resources. Okay, how can we benefit from it? Benefit from it in agriculture. Okay, what did we take from the importance of rainwater and snow? Its importance? He tells you what its importance is. First, it is a major source of water. Then, what does it have in agriculture? Okay, let's tell you that it varies from one word to another. What did I tell you? Difference means it is not stable. It increases and decreases. Rainfall varies from one season to another. It increases in the winter and decreases in the

2:23 summer. From one season to another, from one region to another. Okay, not just a season, but also a region. We said that it increases in the north and decreases in the middle of the south. Okay, in my country, most of its rainfall occurs during the two seasons, winter and spring. I'm excited. It falls a lot in winter and spring and its fall is during two seasons. What is summer? I mean, it is less. Its features are that it is abundant in the mountainous region. I mean, it is abundant in the mountainous region, its quantities exceed. Of course, this is all the rain. We mentioned previously. We explained the old one well. We mentioned it well annually, while it decreases. Where in the central and southern regions, its rain is less than 250 ml. Well, these are insufficient quantities for agriculture and for the source of

3:11 water sources. Well, in order to compensate for the deficiency in it with water from the Euphrates and the groundwater. Well, this is what we have found out about the features of rainwater and snow. We found out the explanation for the variation in the quantities of rain in the northern, central and southern regions. Why is this from the basis of the chapter? What is the most of its fall during the winter and spring seasons? We mentioned it previously. Okay, and its fall fluctuates during the summer season. I mean, it is less. It is also distinguished by being abundant in the southern region and less in the central region. The same story. We mentioned it here, but we found out the explanation for the decrease. Well, this water. The first source is the rain. Well, I have the second source, surface water, meaning the water on

3:58 the surface. Land means running water on the surface of the earth, that's why it's called surface water. It includes rivers and perennial flowing waters. What do perennial flowing rivers include? They are represented by the waters of the Euphrates River, the Shatt al-Arab, its branches, its tributaries, seasonal valleys, natural lakes, and even seasonal valleys? Well, their quantities are also followed, meaning that we see them in the north, placed in the center and south from one season to another. They usually increase in the spring, the flood season, while they decrease during the summer, the rainy season. Spring is called the flood season, meaning that the whole day overflows during the winter and they empty the

4:43 reservoirs. Well, dams and water are emptied during the summer, the rainy season, meaning drought. Well, here is a definition of surface water. A very important definition, Dad, well, the quantities of rain interact from one year to another. Why do the quantities of rain and snow falling at the main M differ? I told you that in the north it increases, in the center and in the south it decreases. Well, we came to the Tigris River from one of the important sites of surface water in Iraq. Well, we will take the following from Türkiye to the end, to the Shatt al-Arab. Well, I made a K What is the answer divided into regions for ease of memorization, meaning I put regions. Look at the first region, where is Turkey? The second region is

5:28 located in Iraq. The third region is in the middle of Iraq. The fourth region, meaning I divided the large part into a rough memorization copy because if I leave you the full explanation, it will be difficult for you to memorize it. Okay, follow the Tigris River from its source to its mouth. From its source in Turkey to its mouth in the Shatt al-Arab. Okay, the Tigris River flows from the highlands located in southeastern Turkey. Look now, where is it now? We are in Turkey. Southeastern Turkey. Its total length is 1900 meters. The river has several sources in Turkey. A western source is called Bat Masu. Now let’s take its definition: the western source, which flows from the surrounding highlands and Lake Kulic. Another eastern source is called Botan Su. It has

6:16 several sources that descend from the surrounding highlands, Lake An. The meeting of the Bat Masu and the Botan Su makes up the Tigris River, meaning one is an eastern source and one is a western source. When two meet, what do we make of it? The Tigris River Ok, good, and the river runs after meeting in rugged lands and towards the southeast of the Turkish lands. So now, where did I talk at the beginning about the Turkish River? If we took the first region in Turkey, good, whoever is going to Iraq where it enters the Iraqi lands, see the second point, I have the Iraqi lands. If he does not enter it, he has Fish Khabur in an area called Sh Khaber, they called it Sh Khaber, and the Tigris River

7:03 meets in that area with the first of its feeding tributaries. It meets with the first of its feeding tributaries, which is the Khabur. So, what is the first tributary of the river you find? Where does it meet with whoever enters the Iraqi lands? Fish Khabur, which also springs from the Turkish lands, Khabur, and it meets the Jeddah River at the village of Fish Khabur, the same we mentioned, good, and its course is in the mountainous region, Jabal Shuf, the mountain is deep, surrounding highlands with two fronts, they called it the village of Fish Khaber. So now, as soon as it enters Iraq, it is the village of Fish Khabur. The first tributary of God is Khabur is named after the village called Zain. When the day reaches the south of Mosul, where has it reached now? Where have we reached the

7:48 south of Mosul? Look at its division into regions according to the preservation site. Baba Zain meets the Great Zab River. Zain, in the south of Mosul, meets the Great Zab, which also springs from Turkish lands and is considered the most important tributary of the Tigris River. It contributes about 33%. That means the Great Zab contributes 33% of the water of the Tigris River. So this is a major source of the Tigris River’s water. What is this? Where? I told you this is an area we called south of Mosul. Okay, and to the south of the city, Sharqat, where is Salah al- Din? Now, where did Sharqat come from? They called it Sharqat. We call it the correct name of Shar Qat. Zain meets its legs with another tributary, what is its name? The Little Zab,

8:35 which springs from Iranian lands, the Little Zab. Baba, and it contributes, what about 17% of the water of the Zajla River, but it contributes 33%. And at the city of Balad, we have reached a little bit. What is coming? The river enters the sedimentary plain area. Where does it enter the city of Balad? Where does it enter the plain area? Alluvial means alluvial plain We said in the middle and south of Iraq a country that enters the alluvial plain well where the river banks are spread out and at the city of Dhulu after us where in Salah al-Din it meets the great tributary Oh where is the great tributary now what is the fourth tributary Khabur main tributary the great Zab where in Mosul the small Zabal where does it come to us from Iranian lands where is Salah al- Din by condition good tributary al-Azm where is it in Balad al-

9:23 Dhal excuse me good it springs from inside Iraqi lands what did we call it the south of the region south of the city of Sharqat as you know Baba Sin and to the south of the city of Baghdad where will it flow south of the city of Baghdad we reached where Baghdad meets the last of its feeding tributaries and its tributary from flowing south of Baghdad it meets its tributary it takes a tributary its tributary its tributary comes to us its water comes to us from Lake Abyan it springs from Iranian lands and Tango from Iraqi lands Tango good if the river Raf Allah is fed from Iran and Iraqi lands good the course of the Tigris River is distinguished in this region what is the distinguished location

10:09 From the north of Baghdad and Kut, there are many windings. Why so many windings? He was afraid to tell you that it is because of the low slope of the land and the slow flow of the river’s water. Okay, he was afraid that an explanation would come and he would tell you that the Tigris River is in the lands located between the north of Baghdad and Kut. What is excellent? There are many windings, I mean, it is not open. Why? And because of the low slope of the land there and the slow flow of the river’s water. I mean, you walk as you please, I mean, not fast, in the mood of splitting the land. Okay, come on, and you lead from the swathes to the increase in sedimentation and the large number of islands in the middle. I mean, what do you do? The large number of sediments and the large number of islands in the middle. Okay, when we came to Kut, now, where were we there in Baghdad? Now,

10:56 where did we reach Kut? At the city of Kut, specifically at the Kut Dam, specifically the Tigris River branches off from the right bank into two streams: Gharraf and Ad-Dajji, from the Al- Koud Dam, it branches off into two branches. Okay, its right bank, which irrigates the agricultural lands located between the two governorates of Wasit and Dhi Qar, I mean, it emerged from the day from the dam. Kut day its right bank is not the left nor the right, the two rivers Al- Gharraf and Al-Dajji Shusun irrigate the agricultural lands located in Wasit Governorate, meaning in Kut and Dhaq Zin, after the city of Al- Kut the fire runs in a flat area with a slight slope, this is where in Kut Zin, and upon arriving

11:44 at the city of Amara, where did we reach Amara and we will finish with the Tigris Zin, if the Tigris is good from the lands of Turkey, where to Mosul and comes to Salah al- Din and passes through Baghdad and Wasit to Amara, governorates that preserve it, the door is on what you know, where the fire Zin, a river branches off and from its right bank, meaning from the Amari River, two rivers branch off from its right bank as well, Al- Bira and Al-Majar Al-Kabir from its right bank, Zin, as it branches off from its left bank, see now from my right bank, Batira and Al-Majar Al-Kabir Zin from the left bank, two rivers Al-Mashra’ branches off

12:29 from us, one to the right from here, one to the right here, two branches off from us, two branches Zin, after passing its son in the city of Amara, its course is characterized by the imitation of its waters, why is it located in Amara, of course, these rivers Four little water from it because of the small streams that branch off from the river and drain the marshes. It is a region, meaning because of the streams, it has two streams on the right and a stream on the left that reduces the water, reduces its water. Now we know why it is less good near the city of Aziz al- Uzair. Okay, the city of al-Uzair. Now this is good. The Tigris River begins to widen towards the water. It widens, it widens with the Azir. It flows into it with the Suwayb River from the left side. The

13:15 Suwayb River is good. And when you take some water from the marshes, water comes from rivers and Suwayb comes, it branches out. At the city of Qurna, focus on it. Narj, the northern stream, meets the Nar channel. The Euphrates meets where the Nar Euphrates meets. The Arabs are active in Qurna. It made it clear and easy for you to follow from the source of the disaster. I divided it into regions. I don’t want to know what happens in each region when the explanation is combined. No, you will confuse it. We came to the most important source of the Tigris River. Ministerial definition: Baba Botan. And Batman is the eastern source. Oh, it is Botan, the grandmother’s fire that descends from The heights of the ocean of Lake Wan and the source of the

14:00 western lake, okay, good, the angle is the chapter contributes 33, by the way, let's go out, especially the tracking, when we will go out, questions, butcher, the definition of the task, good, the distinction is special for the part located in the city of Baghdad, and why the separation, because of what, the lack of slope of the lands, I want us to talk about it, okay, look at this hole of yours, where did we sell from us Lake Wan, Botan, and Batman, picture, its shape is the chaos, and we went from us, we went on the lands, it came to us from here, here, Baghdad, come to Kut, the

14:47 drum of the building, and be the meeting and the Euphrates from us, good, this is this, this is the Tigris, this is the Tigris and its Khabur, a big, small one, you have Lake Darbandikhan, Dokan, you have Hamrin here, we are from good, good, the Euphrates, where does it come from after the Euphrates, look from Turkish lands, we went to Syria until we went to Iraq, the borders of Iraq, here after Turkey, and Syria on the Iraqi borders, on Anbar, we made a lake Al-Tharthar Al-Habbaniyah Al-Razzazah Al-Karbala and we came from this until it met with the one in Al-Qurna and the one in Tajlah and the

15:33 Arabs were active now. We will come to where we are talking about Yemen on the Euphrates River. Okay, the Euphrates River is one of the important and large rivers. If the Euphrates River is a large river, larger than the Dajjal, and one of the important and large rivers in Western Asia, meaning not only in Iraq but also in Western Asia. Okay, and it is considered the second longest Arab river after the Nile River. I mean, the Nile River is longer than it. It is the second Arab river after the Nile River. Okay, and it has great economic and political weight. What is its weight? Great economic and political. Okay, my dear. Okay, follow the fire of the individual from the source of Egypt. Also,

16:20 what did it do? It is regions for ease of memorization. Okay, here I have Turkish lands. Here I have Syria. Here I have medicine. Anbar in Iraq is a section of regions. Soleh, Hafs, Bab. Okay, the individual river springs from the eastern highlands in Turkey. It consists of several sources, which are Farasu and Maras. Okay, okay, they meet at the city of Keban and form the Euphrates River. Where is Keban? I mean Euphrates and Marat. The technology is that we are a city, Kiban Q, Fra Zain, this is where the Turks are, and the river flows towards the southeast, southeast, until it enters the Syrian Arab lands, Syria, near the city of Jarablus. Jarablus called it Tripoli, Jarablus.

17:09 We walk on the book Jarablus, Zain with the letter j, as it flows into the Euphrates River, a tributary of which are several rivers, the Sajur in Aleppo Governorate, meaning its water will increase to us. The Sajur River in Aleppo, Zain, and the Balikh River near the city of Raqqa, Syria, and the Khabur River near the city of Deir ez- Zor, meaning it will flow to us. What are three tributary rivers that flow into the Euphrates? The Sajur in Aleppo Governorate and the Balikh River, where is it near the city of Raqqa? And about us, the Khabur River, where is it near the city of Deir ez-Zor? This is in Syria. Zain, in Syria, it will emerge from Syria, and where will it flow? It flows into Iraq. In Iraq, where will it flow? It flows into

17:56 Anbar. Look, this is Dad, Anbar Governorate. The river continues to flow towards the southeast until it enters the Iraqi lands, the city of Hasib in the Qaim District. Zain, and its deep course penetrates a large part of the western plateau and begins with the city of Qaim, the city of ashes. There are many twists in Qaim. Ashes, twists and turns, as well as the large waterwheels, okay, good, they are run by the power of water, especially in the district of Hit, Hit is the mother of waterwheels, the waterwheel, good, with the speed of the water, good, and the Euphrates River enters the sedimentary plain near the city of Ramadi, now where is it good, it came out of Hasib and the city of Al-Qaim, Ramadi, where is Ramadi, you are welcome, good, and it

18:43 destroys its course near Fallujah, we came to Fallujah from a place that does not exceed 40 square kilometers, good, and the course of the Euphrates in this region is higher than the course of the Tigris River, and the Euphrates is higher than the Tigris, if it branches out from the channels of Rawa, the agricultural lands near it, including Al- Saqlawiyah, Abu Ghraib, Al-Yusufiyah, Al-Latifiyyah, Al- Iskandaria, okay, Al-Musayyab, where are they all? Let’s talk about where in Anbar, good, and at the Hindiya Dam, the Euphrates River branches into two branches, where did we arrive? We arrived at the Hindiya Dam, the Hindiya Dam, good, it branches out into two branches, dad, an important question, don’t tell me the first branch is Shatt Al-Hillah and the second branch is Shatt Al-Hindiya, meaning

19:30 From medicine, Sadd Al-Hindiyah has two branches, Shatt Al- Hilla, okay? Shatt Al-Hindiyah, look at the one running to the southeast, passing through two cities, Al-Hilla, meaning they are called Al-Hilla, Al-Hilla and Al- Hashem, the city of Al-Hilla, and Al-Hashem is Shatt Al-Hilla. Okay, where do we go in Al-Hilla and Al-Hash, okay? After Al-Hashemiyyah, it branches into two parts, meaning from Hashemiyyah, this branch, Shatt Al-Hilla, will branch into two parts, meaning they will branch into two parts, okay, the eastern one, what do we call Al- Daghara, and the western one, what do we call Shatt Al- Diwaniyah? Note that the Euphrates River and its branches are named after the regions they pass through, meaning they formed a region they passed through and are named after them, Hilla, in Al-Hilla, Daghara in Al-

20:16 Daghmirah, the city of Al-Hilla, and Al-Hashem in Al-Hashemiyah, it branched into two parts, the eastern one, Daghara and the western one, Diwaniyah. Okay, this is the first part, the second part is called Shatt Al- Hindiyah, it is from medicine, Al-Hindiyah. The name Shatt Al- Hindiyah if it heads south, passing through two Indian cities, then it divides into a part, they divide into two parts, one of them they call Shatt Al-Kufa from the western side. This is the spirit of the city of Kufa from Najaf Shatt al-Shamiyah, al-Shamiyah city, from the eastern side, and the two branches meet at the city of al-Nafiyah, and the

21:04 course unites into the Hindiya Dam, then where it unites, they meet with al-Shanawiyah, the al-Shanaf area, and it will return to become the Hindiya Dam, okay, this is who this is, this branch went to the Qana branch, a very important bee, Babzi, then it divides into two other branches, al-Atashan and al-Sabil, see where it is divided into two other sections, al-Atashan and al-Sabil, and before al-Khawl, al-Samawiyah city, where in al-Muthanna, al- Muthanna Governorate, well near the city of Souq al- Shuyukh, meaning this city, Souq al-Shuyukh, the Euphrates branches out into several streams, meaning that whoever reaches the city of Souq al- Shuyukh in al-Samawi, the streams branch out into several streams, several, called the Dhu’ib al-Furat, Dhu’ib,

21:50 I thought I made a mistake in it, Dhu’ib Dhu’ib al-Furat, al-Ab, Dhu’ib al-Furat, Dhu’ib Ra, I was wrong in the printing, Dhu’ib al-Furat, Zain, Bani Saeed, Hafar, Umm Nakhal, al-Kaika, and Karmat Bani Hassan, all of these branch out into streams, meaning each stream, meaning each from its own agricultural area, well, to end in a marsh Donkey, where is the donkey, take it, and take it, two individual streams inside the donkey’s gorge. The donkey’s gorge will have two streams, the first, the northern one, meets at the city of Qurna, where the Tigris becomes Shatt al- Arab after passing the city district in

22:38 Mahabas, and the second is the southern one that meets the Shatt al- Arab at Al-Qurma Ali, meaning the Shatt al-Arab meets alone at the right Qurna, and the second is at the top of Ali, the southern one, which is the meeting point of the two tributaries, Faraso, meaning we said, the second length of the day from the length of the day in western Asia, okay, in the Shatt al-Arab, 200, you’re welcome, 2940. What is 2940? This is from Turkey until it flows into the Shatt al-Arab. What is this? This is Basra, okay, divided into M. Okay,

23:25 we came to the important definition of it and the important questions, Fara and Kiban, Kh, Fara says to you, the same definition with seven, this is one source, the sources of the Euphrates, it meets with the other source, Mara, at the city of Kiban, and we see, okay, Kiban, from a city where two rivers meet, excuse me, the source of Fara and Mara Fara Kiban Kha Ta Zain, now we took it and we see its importance. I left you one lecture in a mood to memorize a chapter with definitions and important questions. Okay, in the next lecture we will take the Shatt al-Arab and complete the water resources in Iraq. Wait for us with a

24:10 filming of the next lecture. My greetings to you and peace be upon you and God’s mercy and blessings.