Maxillary Artery and Pterygoid Venous Plexus, Dr Adel Bondok

0:01 Bye. This is Dr. Adel Bontok, professor of anatomy and neuroscience, Mansour University, Egypt. Today I will talk about the maxillary artery. Like any artery, you should know the

0:50 origin, termination, cores, and the branches. The maxillary artery takes origin from the external carotid artery. Actually, it is one of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery behind the neck of the mandible inside the parotid gland. It terminates in the trigopalotide fossa by forming the sphenopalotide artery. The course of the maxillary artery is divided by the lower head of the lateral trigoid into three parts. The first part below the lateral trigoid, this is the first part. The second part crosses superficial or deep to the lateral trigoid.

1:36 The third part passes between the two heads of the lateral trigoid to enter the trigopalatine fossa. Then we'll talk about the branches. The branches of the أخذتها إلى أخذ من الأولى، أخذ من الأخذ من الأخذ، أخذ من الأخذ من الأخذ، أخذ من الأخذ، أخذ من الأخذ، أخذ من الأخذ، أخذ من الأخذ، أخذ من الأخذ من الأخذ من الأخذ من الأخذ. The first part of the maxillary artery gives five branches. Just remember this mnemonic, Diana and Demonica are intelligent. The first branch is D. This is the first branch. It is the deep

2:24 auricular artery. This deep auricular artery supplies the external auditory mitis and the outer part of the tympanic membrane. The second branch is A. anterior tympanic artery this anterior tympanic artery supplies the tympanic cavity and the inner surface of the tympanic membrane therefore the tympanic membrane is supplied by the deep auricular artery on its outer surface and the anterior tympanic artery on its inner surface the third branch is m middle meningial artery This middle meningial artery enters the cranial cavity through foramen spinosum and in the cranial cavity it divides into anterior

3:13 branch and the posterior branch. The anterior branch is related to the therion and the injury of the middle meningial artery causes extra dural hemorrhage. And number four, this one. which is anterior to the middle meningial artery which is a accessory meningial artery and also this accessory meningial artery supplies the dura of the middle cranial fossa like the middle meningial artery and the last branch this one is the inferior alveolar artery This inferior alveolar artery enters the mandibular canal and it supplies the lower teeth. It gives the mental branch. This mental branch supplies the chin and the lower lip. Again, the

4:00 branches of the first part of the maxillary artery, five branches, deep auricular, anterior tembatic, middle meningeal, accessory meningeal, and inferior alveolar arteries. Then the second branch of the maxillary artery. This is the second branch, the second part, sorry. This second part crosses superficial or deep to the lower head of the lateral trigoid. This is the lower head of the lateral trigoid. This second part gives only muscular branches. These muscular branches are four. And remember Diana and Monica play basketball diana d these branches deep temporal arteries these deep temporal arteries supply the temporalis

4:50 muscle and the second one is m masseteric artery this masseteric artery passes through the mandibular notch to supply the masseter muscle okay masseteric artery and then p pterygoid branches These pterygoid branches supply the pterygoid muscles, lateral pterygoid muscle, this one, and medial pterygoid muscle. And number four, this one is the buccal branch. This buccal branch supplies the buccinator muscle. So the four branches of the second part of the maxillary artery are deep temporal branches supply the temporalis, masseteric artery supply the masseter muscle,

5:39 Pterygoid branches supply the pterygoid muscles and the buccal artery supplies the buccinator muscle. Then the third part of the maxillary artery. Third part of the maxillary artery, it lies in the trigopalotene fossa and it terminates as the sphenopalotene artery. This is the termination of the maxillary artery. So branches of the third part are six and remember Peter is playing a soccer game. P, Peter, this one, posterior superior alveolar artery. This posterior superior alveolar artery supplies upper molar and premolar teeth. So the upper molar and premolar are supplied by the posterior

6:26 superior alveolar artery. Then I, I, inferior orbital artery, This inferior orbital artery enters the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure and it terminates in the face. Okay. By dividing into three branches palpabra like the maxillary artery or infraorbital nerve. Sorry. It gives it enters the face. through the infraorbital foramen. It gives the palpebral branch, nasal branch, and labial branch. So this is the infraorbital artery. Infraorbital artery supplies the face and upper canine and incisor teeth. Actually, this infraorbital artery gives anterior superior alveolar artery.

7:15 So we have two superior alveolar arteries. Anterior from the inferior orbital artery and the posterior from the maxillary artery. Third branch is P, pharyngeal branch. This pharyngeal branch supplies the pharynx. And then another branch supplying the pharynx. This one, artery of the trigoid canal. So artery of the trigoid canal supplies the pharynx. And then S, yes, sphenopelotene artery. This sphenopelotene artery is the main arterial supply to the nasal cavity. Okay? And the last one is the greater palatine artery. This is the greater palatine artery. It gives another branch called lesser

8:03 palatine artery. So greater palatine artery from the maxillary artery, lesser palatine artery from the greater palatine artery. The greater palatine artery supplies the hard palate. The lesser palatine artery supplies the soft palate. So the six branches from the third part of the maxillary artery are posterior superior alveolar artery to the upper molar and premolar. Second one, infraorbital artery. Infraorbital artery supplies the face, upper canine and incisor teeth. Third one, pharyngeal branch, artery of the regoid canal. And number five, sphenopelotene artery, the termination of the

8:49 maxillary artery. and the greater palatine artery supplies the heart palate and also the nasal cavity and this greater palatine gives a small branch called lesser palatine artery so giving you a summary of the branches of the maxillary artery okay first part first part deep auricular anterior tympanic middle meningial artery accessory meningial artery and inferior alveolar artery. This is the first part, the horizontal part, below the lateral trigoid muscle. Second part gives the muscular branches, deep temporal arteries to the temporalis, masseteric artery to the masseter, trigoid

9:36 branches to the trigoid muscles, and the buccal artery to the buccinator. Then the third part, okay, posterior superior alveolar artery, to the upper molar and premolar, infraorbital artery to the face, canine and the incisor, sphenopelotene artery to the nasal cavity, greater pelotene artery which also gives lesser pelotene artery, pharyngeal branch, artery of the trigoid canal. So what is the distribution of the maxillary artery? Final distribution structures supplied by the maxillary artery. It has four distributions. The

10:23 first one, dental distribution to the teeth, nasal distribution to the nose, palatine distribution to the palate, and differential distribution to the pharynx. Dental distribution, we have two main arteries. inferior alveolar artery to the lower teeth, superior alveolar arteries to the upper teeth, the superior alveolar arteries, posterior and anterior, the posterior to the molar and premolar, the anterior to the incisors and the canine. The nasal distribution, sphenopalatine artery, which is the main arterial supply of the nose,

11:10 and the greater palatine artery. Then palatine distribution, have three arteries greater palatine artery to the hard palate, sphenopalatine artery also to the hard palate and lesser palatine artery to the soft palate and then pharyngeal distribution pharyngeal artery and also artery of trigoid canal. talk about the terigoid venous plexus. This is a terigoid venous plexus around the

12:00 terigoid muscles. So what should you know about the terigoid venous plexus? You should know the location, the termination, the communication, and the tributaries of the terigoid venous plexus. Start by the location. It is located on the terigoid muscles. What is the termination of the trigoid plexus? It terminates into the maxillary vein, and this maxillary vein unites with the superficial temporal vein to form the retromandibular vein. So termination of the trigoid venous plexus into the maxillary vein. This maxillary vein unites with the superficial temporal

12:48 vein to form the retromandibular vein. Then we'll talk about the communication of the trigoid venous plexus. Superiorly, it communicates with the cavernous sinus by a mystery vein through the framing ovally. Anteriorly, it communicates with the anterior facial vein by the deep facial vein. And it also communicates with the inferior of the selmic vein or veins through the inferior orbital fissure. and it also communicates with the pharyngeal venous plexus. The connection between the pterygoid venous plexus and the anterior facial vein and the cavernous sinus is very important clinically. So please go back to the videos

13:36 of the venous drainage of the face and of the cavernous sinus to see the clinical importance of the pterygoid venous plexus. of the trigoid venous flexus, okay, veins which correspond to the branches of the maxillary artery. So veins with branches of the maxillary artery. Again, communication of the trigoid venous flexus. This trigoid venous flexus terminates into the maxillary vein. This maxillary vein unites with the superficial temporal vein to form the retromandibular vein. Communication of the trigoid venous flexus. Superiorly, it communicates with the cavernous sinus by emissary veins.

14:23 Anteriorly, it communicates with the anterior facial vein by the deep facial vein. Superiorly also, it communicates with the ofhthalmic veins through the inferior orbital fascia. It also communicates with the pharyngeal veins. The connection between the tergoid velexus and anterior facial vein and cavernous sinus is very important clinically because infection from the dangerous area of the face can spread to the cavernous sinus through the tergoid velexus causing cavernous sinus thrombosis. And thank you very much, best wishes and good luck.