MEDIEVAL HISTORY REVISION FOR CGL MAINS BY PARMAR SSC

0:00 We have set a target to finish the first lecture. We have already finished the ancient history and this is our second lecture in which we are going to do the complete medieval history. So, here we are and one more thing and that is that in the lecture on ancient history, I think I had mistakenly said 1938 instead of 1838. The edicts of Ashoka were deciphered by James Prinsep. Some people have this doubt even in 1837. It was deciphered in 1837 and it was published in 1838 but the question that you want to ask in your exam is 1838 only. SSC has asked in the option if he puts 1837 then 1837, otherwise you will most likely get to see 1838 only. That's why I mentioned 1838 here only. Okay, and there is not enough time in revision to tell you that it was deciphered in 1837 and

0:46 then it was published. In this In short he had told 1838, okay and that was by mistake, instead of your Nagar Shresthi, I had said Sunny Data and Hari Sen did not hold your post, so Hari Sen did not hold the post of Nagar Shresthi, who is the chief banker, so let's start, by the way, when we start in a batch, let's start with Chola and Trip It Struggle, so here we are going to start from Chola, we had already seen Trip It Struggle in the previous lecture and that was the Trip It Struggle, which we also know as Kannauj or Kanak But Struggle, so it was mainly between three dynasties, Gurjar Pratihar, here Rashtrakuta and here Pal, okay and we saw that the rift happened during the time of eighth and ninth century AD and there was no final victory of anyone, we

1:33 saw a little about the dynasty of Pal there, like Dharmapal, one of the greatest rulers Who had captured Kannauj or Kanak Buj for some time and we should know that brother who was Dharmapal, okay Dharmapal ji, I think the writing is becoming strange, Dharmapal ji had built Vikramshila University, just like we had seen that Kumar Gupta had built Nalanda University, similarly Dharmapal ji had built Vikramshila and the university which is Odat Puri was built by the founder of Pardon Gopal ji, okay so now let's start reading about Chaula, so one thing you have to keep in mind here and that is that there were two types of Chaula, one was Early Chaula and the other was Later Chaula, what we have to read is about Later Chaula, mainly now I will explain the concept of Early Chaula to you, first you should understand that third

2:19 century BC and second third century BC means you understand right, from 200 to 300 BC which is the time period to third century AD that means from 200 to 300 AD The time period in which this Sangam took place, there were Cheras who were called Kerala Putta, Ashoka's inscriptions were in their Tanjore, which came later, the letter Chaula is theirs, okay, here

3:05 you are also asked about the emblem, what was the emblem of Chera, that was bow and arrow, okay, what was theirs of Pandeys, Pandeys had fish and they had tiger, if we talk about their port city, then Muzari, okay, Muzari and Todi were their two port sites, if we talk about their port side, it was Kolk and if we talk about their port side, it was Pahar or Kaveripatnam, there were three Sangams during the time of Sangam, in which we should know the second Sangam, the second Sangam, which took place in Kapatpuram, the first and third were in Madurai, so in this, by doing Tolka Piyar, we can say that there was an author like or there was sage, like we read about Ashta Dai,

3:51 okay, so Pani ji It was composed by him, so it is considered to be the oldest literature of Sanskrit grammar, so if Tamil literature is considered the oldest, then it is your Tolka PM which was composed by Tolka PR, keep in mind that this is the text of the oldest Tamil literature, it is here that you should also know about Sheela Padakram, okay, Sheela Padakram, which was an epic which was composed during the time of Sangam, during the Sangam age, it was written by Dangor Gal, okay, and in this you know that the love story of Kovalan Kanagar Madhavi, Kovalan Kanagar Madhavi, you mean it is depicted here, plus Kovalan and Madhavi, okay, so their daughter was

4:37 Mani Mein Galai, okay, Mani Mein Galai, so a book was also written on this, Mani Mein Galai, okay, keep this thing in mind, who wrote it, Tan, okay, so you have to keep this thing in mind regarding the Sangam age, now when did the letter Chaula come, so this letter Chola emerges, you can assume that at the time of 18th century AD when the Pallavas started fading, started becoming weak, then the Pallavas came back to where they were, so they are also called the Pallava faction. Actually, there used to be a faction of the Pallavas, so they defeated them, who was the Karai Kal? Whom did the Karai Kal defeat, who were the Mut Yars here? Well, the

5:24 defeated Mut Yars, who were the Mut Yars, were living here, which was the Cauvery delta, so after defeating them, they built a new city in the Cauvery delta, and that was Poohal, sorry I am saying Poohal, Tanjore. Poohal or Kaveripatnam already existed, which was one of their port sides, so Tanjore, keep in mind, so why do we call them Chola also, because we trace back from our origin from Chola that brother it is early Chola, so they built their city in Thanjavur. Who developed it? And Kal had also built a temple for Goddess Nishumbha Sudini in Sajaur itself. After this come the prominent rulers of this dynasty, like

6:09 Raja Raja One. Raja Raja One is considered the prominent ruler of this dynasty and he sits on the throne and the important thing regarding him is that he had completely conquered the Maldives, okay, and he had good relations with the Sri Wizd Empire of Indonesia. So the Shailendra Dynasty was ruling in the Sri Vijay Empire, so he had good terms with them. We will also discuss the temple he built later. So he ruled from 985 to 104 AD. After this comes his son Rajendra Chola. Rajendra the First or Rajendra Chola, what did he do? He completely conquered Sri Lanka, which was known earlier as Ceylon. And one more thing like In the previous lecture, we

6:56 saw the Gupta Dynasty. In the last one, the ruler of Gupta was Samudragupta. So keep in mind that he had allowed Magh Varman, a king of Ceylon, to come and build a temple in his empire. Because it was a matter of building a Buddhist temple, he did it. He also defeated Ceylon. Shri Shailendra Dynasty. He defeated the Shailendra Dynasty and completed the construction. This is the Shri Vijay Empire. Shri Vijay Empire was where the rule of the Sailendra Dynasty was going on. Mahmud Mu Ghaznavi was his contemporary. You have to keep this thing in mind. Plus here, you will keep in mind that the temples that were built by them, which were they, which we also know as the Great Living Chola Architecture. So the

7:43 temples were built by them, so the Brihadeshwara Temple, you will get to see all this in Tamil Nadu only. And Rawate Shavar, as we saw, which Chalukyas had built Patta Dakal, Ahole group of temples. Hoysala had built star shaped temples, you will find all these in Karnataka, Aihole, Patta Dakal, Belur. Here, the ones built by Chola and the ones built by Pallava, the Pallava had discussed, show temple was discussed, Mahabalipuram, Seven Rath Temple, Kailashnath Puram, all of them in Tamil Nadu. Chola also has two Brihadeshwara temples in Tamil Nadu, which are the two temples, one is built by Raja Raja Van, one is the one that was built by Raja Raja Van, this temple which is in Brihadeshwar itself, it was built by Raja Raja Van, it is known as Raj Rajeshwar Temple

8:30 and there is another Brihadeshwara temple which was built by Rajendra Chola Van, Rajendra Chola Van, where did he build it, he built it in Gangai Konda Cholapuram, where was it built, it was built in Thanjavur, it was in Thanjavur, which was their capital, it Gangai Konda Cholapuram was the capital of Uraraka, Tanjore which later became Chola, so Gangai Konda Cholapuram is their capital, here they built Brihadeshwara temple, which is a Shaivite temple, that is, it is a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, Rawate Shivara temple was built by Raja Raja the Second, you should keep this thing in mind, all the temples are in Dravidian style, that is,

9:15 you will find them in the Dravidian type of architecture, now let us discuss the Dravidian form of architecture, one is of North India, okay, of North and one of South, okay, the North one is called Nagar style of architecture and the South Indian one is called style of architecture, the common thing we get to see in both is where the main deities are there, which are the shrines, which means whichever deity's temple is there, where their idols are installed, then we call it Garbha Graha, okay, we know it by the name of Garbha Graha, here also there is Garbha Graha where the main shrines are kept, plus The pillared hall is called mandap. Mandap is also present here. We also know it as sectum sanctum. It is the pillared hall where the deity is kept. So what is the difference? The main

10:02 shrine in it. Main shrine means the main part of the temple is called Shikhar. And this one in the south, in the Dravid style, we call it vimana. What is a vimana? The vimana is something like this. You must have seen it. So, the vimana is called this. So, there is a difference here. Shikhar. Here in the vimana and Javid style, you will find gopurams. What are gopurams? These are your entrances. The entrance of the temple, when there is an entrance, there is nothing really in North India, but here, big gopurams are made, which are a kind of entrance. Plus, you have to keep in mind that the temples made in the Dravid style of South India are of this kind. There is a

10:47 lateral plane, for example, the Durga temple with the eye hole, which was built by our Chalukyas 1400 years ago, that is, roughly 1500 years ago, you can say, so that too is built on an up-sided plane, so by what name do we know it? Keep this in mind. It is known as Gaj Prishtha. Gaj Prishtha, okay, Gaj Prishtha is a little elliptical, it is in an elliptical shape. Gaj means elephant. Prishtha means its back, it looks like that, so keep this in mind a little bit. This is also in Dravidian. I have never asked about this, but if you ask, in South India, your Nandi is outside and in the temples of North India, Nandi is inside. Around the temples of South India, you will see tanks for water, they are not there here. Okay, Chola is not over yet, we know about Chola. We get to know about Chalukyas from land donation. We get to

11:36 know about land donation, so what types of land donations were there by them, so in land donation, one was that which was done to schools. What did they call it? What did they call the things that they did to Brahmins? What did they call the things that they did to temples? What did they call the things that they did to Jains? The school people used to call it Shaal Bhog. Okay, Shaal Bhog was called. If we talk about Brahmins, it was known as Brahmadeya. Okay, the things that were donated to Brahmadev Temple were known as Devdan and the things that were donated to Jain temples were known as Palli Chandam and the things that were donated to non-Brahmins, that is, to common people, non-Brahmins or common people, they used to call it Velan Vagai. Velan Vagai reminds me that if I ask you who are these Lalars?

12:23 Who are these Lalars? Who are these Uzhavoors? Kadi Mai, okay, Kadi Mai, or sorry, Adi Mai, Adi Mai, or Kadai Siyar. Okay, who are these? Vellalars are rich land owners. Okay, those who have a lot of wealth, that is, big landlords. There are Uzavurs who are common tenants, they are not any landlord type, this is okay, they are common tenants, they have some land, they are working on it, etc. Sometimes CRs are at the lowest rank and they do manual labour, just keep this in mind, what do they do, they do manual labour, etc., sometimes CRs, now to manage this kind of land, which Sir Brahmadev, for this, an assembly is formed, okay,

13:09 and in that assembly, elections etc. are held, a committee is formed, about which from where do we get to know, Uttara spinal cord, Brahmadev, an assembly was formed to manage the land, so this is all we have to read in Chola for now, okay now let's move on to the Delhi Sultanate, they came to the Delhi Sultanate, but the Delhi Sultanate did not come like this, first there is Muslim invasion, when did the starting of the 11th century AD, this Muslim invasion of yours started happening sir, well, just now in 712 It happens

13:54 in AD but the main invasion starts of 11th, actually in 11th century AD but the first Islamic invasion happens during the time of 18th century AD where an Arab ruler Mohammed bin Qasim attacks this Sindh province. He kills Raja Dahir. Now let's come to Mahmud Ghaznavi who was a contemporary of Rajendra Chola I. He attacks India 17 times. He is not Ghori but Ghaznavi. Ghaznavi is the wide empire which is present in your Afghanistan region. It is true that we trace back from our origin logic because there was no concept like Afghanistan then. The region was loot and revenge. It was the name of Sub's father whose revenge he had come to take. Here, the main reason for this was loot. The first attack was in 101 AD and its 16th attack was that which was written to the world. No,

14:43 no, no, okay, let me write it here. The 16th attack was the second 16th attack. This was Somnath. So he attacked Somnath in 1025 A.D. This was his second and last attack. Why was he the last attack? Because the looted goods being taken from here were attacked by the Jats and they snatched away some of it. He had got into a fight with the Jats, so he attacked the Jats. The 177th attack was at this time, meaning it was contemporary to this. Alberuni came along with him, he was the poet. He wrote a book called Tahqiq Hind. Plus, the book Shah Nama was written at the same time, which was written by Firdausi. This was also asked to the previous man. After this, the attack that happens is the third Muslim invader, Mohammed Ghori, attacks India between 1175 and 1266 A.D. So, we

15:30 can call it kind of second Turkish invasion because this was not a Turk. This came from your Arabian Peninsula. It came from Arabian Peninsula. Now, this was around the same empire where Ghaznavid was located. Ghori, actually Mohammed Ghori was the first Buddhist. It was alright, Mahmud Ghaznavi attacked him at a place where people used to live earlier, so he converted them to Islam. Well, I am not going to ask you all this, will I ask you that where and when did his first attack take place? So the first attack was in 1175, I can say then in 1178 he attacked Gujarat and Bhima second or here remember Queen Lok Mahadevi, sorry I am saying Queen Lok Mahadevi, Queen Naki Devi, who was from the Solanki

16:16 dynasty, the Chalukya dynasty was ruling in Gujarat, so Solanki defeated them in 1178 A.D. Then what, it came from above, through the Bhatinda route, alright, it came from there and through Lahore and Bhatinda and in Tarain which is near Delhi, in 1191 he clashed with Prithviraj Chauhan, whom remember also known as Prithviraj Third, alright, he had a battle with him and Gauri was defeated, here the second one happens again. This time in 1192, Prithviraj the Third wins. Okay, who wrote Prithviraj Raso? Chandra Badai wrote it. Okay, now after this, they mean their king Jaichand of Garhwal, who was the king of Garhwal, okay, Garhwal was a Rajput ruler, he goes back to the

17:01 battle of Gauri Chandawar in 1194 AD and his slaves start ruling after his death, like Qutubuddin Aibak in the Delhi region, here in Yal Duj or Lahore area and here, sorry here Quba Cha and here Yal Dus and Bakhtiar Khilji, he had a very small part here and he destroyed universities like Nalanda etc., he is known for this only. Okay, so we have to start from here with Qutubuddin Aibak because he had helped Mohammad Ghori in the battle of Tarain in the second battle of Tarain and because he had helped, he was the one who ruled here. Around this, the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate was laid here. Okay, the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate was laid in 1206 AD and this Sultanate came into existence here in 1526 AD. Many dynasties came into existence in this Sultanate. The first dynasty was of

17:48 Qutubuddin Aib which we also know as the Slave Dynasty or the Mamlu Dynasty because its importance is related to our rulers and which tribe do they belong to, Il Bari tribe or Shamsi tribe. The first ruler would be Qutubuddin Babak. He ruled between 126 to 1210 AD. Now, what all things can we recall regarding him? So, we can recall that he started the construction of the Qutub Minar. What did he build in Ajmer? He built the Aadhai Din ka Jhopra in Ajmer and the Quwatul Islam. Just nearby he did this work, he got the work of construction done, plus he had got the title of Lakh Baksh, that is, giver of lakhs of lakhs. He died

18:34 while playing Chaugan or polo, he died, he was the gift of Qutubuddin Aibak, after this comes Iltutmish who was his son-in-law and his slave, so it is called Slave Dynasty, so regarding this we have to read so many things, so you can see that its capital was Lahore, Delhi was not the capital yet, it will come during the time of Iltutmish, rest we have seen that in the name of Qutubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, he considered him his guru, so the construction of Qutub Minar was started in his name, if we talk about Qutub Minar, then its height is 72.5 meters, but SSC will ask you 73 meters and it is built in five toras, that is, five floors, the construction started in it was completed by A. Bak The fifth series was built by Iltutmish, the last one was built by F ST i.e. Firoz

19:21 Shah Tughlaq, it is clear, let's move ahead now, we come to Shamsuddin Iltutmish, what all did Iltutmish do, so Iltutmish first of all shifted the capital from Lahore to Delhi, okay, he shifted the capital from Lahore to Delhi, then he started the silver tanka and copper jetal coins, he introduced the Chahalgani system which we call Turkane Chahalgani group of 40 slaves, he introduced the Ita system, that is, he gave a piece of land to his Chahal Gans and told them to govern, take out the revenue, take out their salary from there and give us the rest, those who used to hold this unity were known as Iqtidar or Mukti or Wali, they were known as Mukti Wali or Iqtidar and it was not hereditary till now, okay, that is, it

20:08 could have been transferred, plus Iltutmish and What did Iltutmish do? The attack done by Genghis Khan successfully means he did not even attack. Genghis Khan, keep in mind that in 1219 AD, he attacked the Trans Oxianium Pyre, the Trans Oxia Empire near Iran, in 1219 AD and Genghis Khan did not completely attack India but he was attacking during the time of Iltutmish in the regions around India. Now let's see what all he did, some things are different, some are different, yours is not. Now come to Razia Sultan, Razia Sultan was his daughter, she was the only Muslim ruler of Medieval India, he was the only Muslim ruler from 1236 to 1240, okay, and then

20:56 Iltutmish was the ruler for 26 years, then his daughter Razia Sultan was the ruler for four years. Now Razia Sultan sat on the throne with great difficulty because she did not have that much support, so first of all she defeated her step mother Shah Turkana was killed, okay and then Razia Sultan sat on the throne, Razia Sultan first of all brought Yakut, an Ethiopian, into her service and sent him to Altunia, okay, Altunia was the ruler of Bhatinda, Altunia killed Yakut, then Ajia herself went, Altunia kept her under house arrest in the Bhatinda fort and later both of them got married, when they were returning, the Jats of the Khokha tribe attacked and both of them were killed, Razia And also her husband Altunia, the chronicler whose name is Minhaj Siraj,

21:43 Minhaj Siraj has told about Razia, he told how she was more capable than her brothers and her sons, that is, Razia was more capable than the sons of Altamash, so this tabaqu that we call Tarikh, what do we call it, the books in Persian from which we get to know about history are called Tarikh, so Minhaj Siraj is Minhaj Al, not Minhaj Siraj, ask Minhaj Siraj is a chronicler of whose time, if he is a historian, then what will he say he is of the time of Iltutmish, now comes our Balban, Bal ends at 40 here and this is from 6 to 87, so where did the 26 years in between go, so actually he was not a prominent figure at that time, right, the

22:29 throne was changing and Balban was in the position of deputy at that time, Mubarak Shah, Mubarak Shah was at that time And in his court, that is, he was his son, we can say Altamash's, so what was he in his court, he was the deputy, who is a deputy, a deputy is one who looks like a minister, the one who handles the finance department, except the finance department, the deputy handles all the other departments, so as deputy, this person later becomes a ruler, by killing Mubarak Shah and others, and regarding this, we have to keep this thing in mind that he first of all eliminated Chahalgani, so that the power of the crown can be restored, because brother, only a king is a king, so he knew that

23:14 Chahalgani could become a threat to him, so he removed Chahalgani, the first thing what he did, he started sajda and paibos, that as soon as he sees us, do sajda to us, that is, bow down in front of us and paibos, that is, kiss our feet as well, so talking about doing sajda and paibos here, he said that one has to kiss the feet, plus Balban's Regarding this, it has to be kept in mind that he had started the Parsi festival that is Navroz and it was Balban who had started it, okay, not Balban, keep this in mind, okay, now I remember that this lecture on medieval history will be in two parts, okay, it will be in two parts in such a way that in the first part we will cover till here, Delhi Sultanate, Vijaynagar, Bahamas, the whole of Mughals, okay, otherwise it will become a

24:00 very long lecture, the Mughals did not even come to my mind and I have not even made a mind map for Mughals here, okay, so we will do that in the second part, okay, there is an atmosphere of fear, Navroz, he had started the Parsi festival and what else had he done, what else had he done, what else had he done, Chail Gani, we have seen, he had finished it, yes, he had called himself a descendant of Afra Siyab and had said that we have direct contact with Allah, that is, I am the shadow of Allah, that is, he had taken the title of Zille, he had taken the title of Zile Ilahi, that's all. I am not going to ask you anything more except accept one thing more and that is he had also set up a military department by making diwane requests, okay and there was a ruler from Bengal who had rebelled against him, his name was Tughlaq Beg, he had a

24:47 sword made for him, okay he got him killed, okay he was hanged along with his family, okay clearly the last ruler after Kak was Jalaluddin Khilji, who kills Kak after that and he sits on the throne, now which dynasty comes from here, Khilji Dynasty, so this has to be kept in mind, these are known as Slave Dynasty and Mamlu architecture was also introduced by them, like they also introduced the technique by doing corbel ditch, now let's come to the second part of Delhi Sultanate and that is yes, but we are going to see Khilji Dynasty, so from 1206 to 1290, the rule of Slave Dynasty was, now from 1290 The Khilji dynasty would rule from 1296 to 13168, in which who all come, first of all will be Jalaluddin and then Alauddin.

25:35 We have to read about only two rulers here. So we don't have to read anything more than this about Jalaluddin. He ruled for 6 years. After that comes Alauddin, who also became his nephew and son-in-law. Then, so he ruled from 1296 to 13168. Now, during his time, a lot of important things happened, which we can recall. If we first recall from ourselves, what do you know regarding him, then his name is Ali Gurshasp. Later, he took titles like Sikandar Saini and Sikandar Azam. Sikandar Saini is the one who was given the title by him. It means that he took it on his own. The title Sikandar Azam was given by Amir Khusro, who was his courtier. If we talk about Amir Khusro, then he gave him the title of Khilji. had given him ' Hind that is the parrot of India' and he had

26:20 composed a qawwali, Amir Khusro, okay and keep this thing in mind, what did Alauddin Khilji do, first of all Alauddin Khilji bought Malik Kafur, who was his military commander, from where in Gujarat, when he did an expedition to Gujarat in 1308, sorry yes, he did an expedition in 1338, sorry again, sorry in 1308, yes, sorry, he did it in 1308 itself and after that he did it back to back, so when he was returning from Gujarat, the Mongols attacked him, now he went and hid, where is the Ranthambore fort, the king of Ranthambore did not push back the Mongols, so he attacked Ranthambore, okay, and when he attacked Ranthambore, it is here that we get the first evidence of Sati, which was given by Amir Khusro, I think it must have been written here, right, it was not

27:05 written, okay Ok, one second, yes, his attack on Gujarat took place in 1298 AD, it is not written here, it is okay to add this thing because recently a question was asked that the first evidence of Sati is found in Ranthambore itself, which has been given to us by Amir Khusro. Then in Mewar, it was probably asked in 1303, in Malwa in 1305. Just keep this Gujarat person in mind because it was from here that thousand dinars were purchased by Malik Kafur by him, okay, by Alauddin Khilji and hence it got the name Hazar Dinari. Now, what does this Malik Kafur do? Malik Kafur expands to South India. If we talk about South India, then first of all in 1308, okay, in 1308, he attacks here, the Yadavs of Devagiri, who were of Hale Badu, okay, in 1308, he attacks here, in 1308, he attacks the Yadavs

27:52 of Devagiri, around the time of 1310. So he attacked the Hale Badu whose capital was Hale Badu, then it is also said that it was attacked by the sea in the year 1311 on Katiya Warangal and the Panda of Madurai in the year 1311, he looted everything and took it to the Delhi Sultanate. So this is why Malik Kafur is known for leading expeditions to South India. So clear, there is no need to remember the names of such rulers as to whom he had defeated. You just need to keep in mind which dynasty he had defeated. I have already told you about the title. And what did he do? He maintained the army very well. He brought a lot of reforms like Daag and Chehra system. Daag means branding of horses. Chehra also means appearance system where the description of soldiers was written. So what did he do? He brought market

28:38 reforms. First of all, he imposed three types of taxes. Three types of taxes. If you are asked how many types of taxes, what will you say? Three. Type of kharaj which was 50 for whatever you cultivator 50 plus your second tax was gharai i.e. house tax and the third was charai i.e. pastel tax. Plus what did it do, it maintained a very large army, so it is also known for market reforms. What did it do in market reforms? First of all, it set up three markets, one for food grains, one for clothes and one for slaves etc. Slave cattle market was developed to manage these. By doing shehnai, it was making officer

29:24 appointments. Like for food, it had made points. For food market, Shahna-e-Mandi. Shahna-e-Mandi. In the first mains of CGL, this was asked and the cloth market was known by the name of Sarai Adal. The cloth market was known by the name of Sarai Adal. Plus it started payment in cash. It ended the unity system. Iltutmish had introduced it, he got the second city of Delhi, Siri, constructed, he got the Siri Fort built, he got the Alai Darwaza built which is the entrance of the Qutub Minar, he died in 1296 AD, who comes after him, after him comes Malik Kafur, but

30:10 before that you can see three types of taxes, you should keep in mind, don't give five, I am telling you, he will ask how many types of taxes, say three only, it's okay, there were five types, but he will ask, then just say three, okay, then only set up the three markets at Delhi and first for food grains, we have seen, Sahana Diwan-e-Riyasat, these are all the officers, okay, we will see that as well, officers separately, he had also built Hazar Sattan, he also built Haus Khas, there is nothing else, okay, so these are some of our departments, like Diwan, we had seen the military department, let's first read about all the rulers after that, what happens, after this comes our Malik Kafur Malik Kafur makes Shahabuddin Omar sit on the throne who was Alauddin's younger

30:56 son but Mubarak Khan was his elder son. So the elder son first killed Malik Kafur, then he killed his younger brother Shahabuddin Omar, then this was his Begum Khusro Khan. Like Malik Kafur's Begum was Alauddin's, so Khusro Khan was his Begum. So this means Khusro Khan kills him and kills Ghazi Malik. He asks about him, no, okay, so who is Ghazi Malik? Ghaz Malik is none other than Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. This is Ghaz Malik. Now from here, he founds the Tughlaq Dynasty. So first there was the Slave Dynasty from 1206 to 1290. So after that, there was the Khilji Dynasty from 1290 to 1320. After that, from 1320 to 1414, your Tughlaq Dynasty will come. In this, one has to study about three rulers.

31:42 So Ghiyas Doon Tughlaq Mohammad Bin Tughlaq and Firoz Shah Tughlaq come first, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Khusro Khan was killed by Gaz Malik, so Khusro, we have seen Gaz Malik, to tell you the title of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. He died in an accident, we don't have to read much about him. Just keep in mind that Tughlaqabad city was developed. Tughlaq Nama was written by Aamir Khusro, but if you ask about Tughlaqabad city, it was developed by Khis Din Tughlaq. After this comes his son, Prince Jana, who is also known as Uluq Khan, and he later became known as Mohammad Bin Tughlaq, MBT Prince Jana, then Uluq Khan. So keep in mind that during his time a traveler came like Abne Batuta. And

32:28 if we see Mohammad Bin Tughlaq, he is known as the wisest fool because he had this What kind of policies did he bring? So, keep in mind that he shifted the capital, did he shift the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad or Devagiri, he introduced token currency, this also failed, this also failed, he created a strong army for the Korachal and Khurasan expedition, that also failed, everything failed, Ziauddin Barai writes in his book Tarikh-e-Feroz Shahi, Ziauddin Bara writes in Tarikh-e-Feroz Shahi that some people working in low posts like Ladh and Peera, Ladh and Peera were two gardeners, they were working in low posts, he appointed them on high administrative posts, one was a wine distiller, there were others

33:16 who were in low posts, he appointed them on high posts and set up a department which we call Agriculture Department, and so, there is more such regard to it, no, so Ibn Batuta wrote a book not Rihal but Rela, which At his time a traveler came, Tarikh-e-Firoz Shahi and Tarikh-e-Jahan Dari were written by Jayauddin Bani. So I think there is nothing in it. So let's come to the time of FSD, Firoz Shah Tughlaq from 1351 to 1388. What does FSD do? First of all we have to keep in mind that Prince Jana was the cousin of MBT. MBT did not have any son, so his cousin is FESTIVAL who comes to rule. And

34:03 if we talk about Firoz Shah Tughlaq, then his cousin that is MBT's name was Jauna. So he developed a city named Jaunpur. Not only Janpur, he developed other cities as well, but Jana Jaunpur was done in his name, like Fatehabad, Hisar and Firozabad. BC had established cities. So keep in mind that he had imposed four types of taxes. You have to keep in mind that we have already seen what is Kharaj, you know what is Jaziya, which It is imposed on non-Muslims, the only tax imposed on Muslims is Kham, the tax which is fought in the booty, whatever money is earned from that, you have to pay one fifth of it, that was Kham, okay, and he also imposed a water department, water tax, keep that in mind, and a hospital was built by calling it Darul Shifa. He had set up two new departments,

34:50 Diwan Khairat for donation and Diwan-e-Bandaga, a department of slaves, who were the Bandagas, they were slaves, and one thing which we have just seen here about Khilji, Khilji had some of his own spy appointees, that is, slaves, okay, this much will be clear to you, then what happens after this, after Firoz Shah Tughlaq in 1398, it is not at his time, it goes, in 88, after 10 years, Timur invades, so which Tughlaq was there at that time, it was Mahmud Shah Tughlaq, Mahmud Shah Tughlaq's rule was going on, keep this in mind, this was also [ __ ], like Genghis Khan. It was [ __ ] when Iltutmish attacked. Timur was also a [ __ ] when your Mohammad Shah Tughlaq was sitting on the throne. What does Timur do after this? Timur

35:39 leaves one of his military commanders named Khizr Khan here and Khizr Khan leads and founds the Sayyid Dynasty. This dynasty lasted from 1414 to 1450 or till 1451 and there is no need to read about them at all, except that Khizr Khan is a relative of Prophet Mohammad. So, in a way, we can call him a relative. This was said by Yahya Bin Sir Hindi. Yahya Bin Sir Hindi told this thing in his book Tarikh-e-Mubarak Shahi. Keep this thing in mind in Tarikh-e-Mubarak Shahi. There is no need to know about the rest. After this comes the last dynasty and its name is Lodhi Dynasty. So, Bahlol Lodhi who The last ruler of this group, Syed, was killed.

36:25 Alam Shah was given rest and Bahlol Lodi came to the throne in 1451. There is nothing like this to be read about him. One has to read about Sikandar Lodi. He established the city of Agra in the year 1504. He shifted the capital from Delhi to Agra. He started a new unit of measurement called Gad Sikandri. Many of you must have heard the name, especially those living in UP. This Gaj Sikandri was started by Alauddin Khilji. And Gulrukhi, whatever poems he composed, we know them by the name of Gulrukhi. He built Maut Ki Masjid, which is a double dome architecture. If

37:13 you are asked who built the double dome architecture, it was built by the people of Lodi dynasty. Ibrahim Lodi was the last ruler in this who fought the Battle of Pani Patla with the Mughals. And in 1526 this battle takes place and Ibrahim Lodi is defeated here, Babur wins and from here the Mughal dynasty is established, the Mughal dynasty is established, okay so I think let's end the lecture here and the Vijayanagar and the Bahamani one, we will finish it with the Mughals, okay because I think the battery is also almost gone, so now if we have to do part two, then if we have to do part two, then in that we will see the Mughals, Vijayanagar and Behman, in this we have seen the entire Delhi Sultanate and Chola, okay so today itself I will try that you get both the lectures, so that our meda-val gets finished today itself and whatever happens tomorrow, but the thing is

37:59 that brother I have to take a lecture on environment as well and also upload a lecture on some techniques of Ato, so by 15th I will get your everything finished most publicly, there will be no S class for you on 16th and 17th, okay, thank you