Meditations by Marcus Aurelius

0:03 Plato said in his book The Republic until the king becomes a philosopher or Until the philosophers become kings the country will never are you not happy Can. Marcus and Aelius are said to have been I like to quote this from Plato Was. And those who wrote about him, He also often applies this to Marcus. can't stop myself from doing it Got it. And to tell the truth, if we take Plato's If you want to see the philosopher king in his true form then No one can be better than Marcus. Who He was the king of the Roman Empire for about 20 years and

0:48 Author of the book Immortal Meditations. But Marcus himself never accepted this title. No Do. He never considered himself a philosopher Agreed. According to him he is just an honest He was a student and an incomplete follower who Following the philosophy created by others trying to Were. And becoming a king is also a kind of It was just an accident. When was Marcus Annius Verus born AD 121 People might think that this In the Senate or Imperial Administration Will reach a good position.

1:34 But no one could have imagined that this Apter in the Future Will be made. or on that bronze horse There will be only one man sitting. whose hands still 2000 years later on Rome's Capitol Hill greets people Is. Marcus is a good and respected from family Were. In the year of his birth his grandfather Consoles were made. which is theoretically Rome's It was the biggest post. But by that time it had become more ceremonial It had been done. And he was also brought up by his grandfather. did this because his father did it during his childhood passed away Were. In meditations, Marcus remembered his father

2:22 the character is mentioned either as much He remembered it or had heard it from others. But his knowledge is mostly through stories It must have come from your memories. About his Childhood and Early Teens We don't know much. which is a little bit I got it through meditation only Is. In his Historia Augusta Biography which is strange and unreliable There is a book. Perhaps something written by Marius Max Based on lost life routes Is. The Historia Augusta says that

3:07 Marcus was a serious kid. But he also likes boxing, wrestling, running and I also liked Falconeri and he was a good ball player He was a player and also fond of hunting Were. These are all very common things for an upper class boy's For. Margas in the first chapter of Meditations Some glimpses of school life are given. And the rest of the images take us back to the upper middle ages of that time. General knowledge about class education From. His first teachers were meditation teachers such as Anonymous Teacher in Book One Section Five There is a mention. Maybe they were slaves. through whom He taught the basics of reading and writing Things Learned

3:53 Must be. After that he was appointed as Private Tutors The pass must have been sent. where he studied Literature You must have read it. Especially Virgil's epic Aeneid. But literature was just a preparation. the real goal was Rhetoric. This is an essential skill and an active Beneath the Empire for a political career like during republic time Was. Under the guidance of a trend rater, Marks You might have started with small exercises first and Then did full scale practice declamation in which they would be charged with some imaginary law case Defending one side of the Would have fallen. or a historical figure Advice had to be given at important moments.

4:39 Should Caesar cross the Rubicon? Should Alexander stop at Indus? Needed? why or why No? This training is in Latin as well as Greek It used to happen in me too. From the first century B.C. The Roman upper class had become bilingual. And Margus' Greek speaking and writing was as good as was as fluent as any 19th century Russian The French of the Aristocrats This is a portrait of a Han Japanese courtier The Chinese Marcus translated Homer's Iliad and Osi Euripides discusses the tragedies of the Aeneid read together and elder Athenians like Demosthenes

5:26 Take the orator's speeches seriously You may have read Siro's speeches, for example The Intellectual Elite Mostly in the Capital There were Greek writers and artists. and when Marcus to his court physician Galelin When we spoke, it would also be in Greek Was. The language of philosophy is the most It was Greek. Late Republic and Early During the time of the Empire, Lucretius, Cicero and Writers such as Seneca wrote philosophy in Latin Tried to write. and to a considerable extent He also became successful. But Plato Aristotle Theophrastus Zeno Sirispus Epicurus These were all Greeks.

6:14 To study serious philosophy, his Languages and their built-in vocabularies It was important to understand. That's why Marcus has his Writing the Meditations in Greek is completely It was natural. In the year 137, when Marcus was 16 years old, Were. A very important thing happened. at that time Emperor Hadrian had no children. Last year, he was almost dead due to an illness. I was close to dying. And everybody felt that he won't last long will live. Hadrian's chance to become king because his previous aper Trajan who was his distant relative.

6:59 He adopted him. of Trajan Following the example, Hadrian created a The famous aristocrat Lucius Cnnius Commodus He made him his successor. But 137 In 325 BC Ceionius died suddenly, and Hadrian was succeeded by his son A new successor had to be chosen. They elected Senator Antoninus, who We did not have any children either. But one of the condition with the condition being that Antoninus Marcus who He was a relative of his and the son of Sanius Lucius Verus, who was only seven years old at the time, We should adopt them both. Then Marcus

7:45 took his adoptive father's surname and become went Marcus and Elias Antoninus. Haydn died the following year. Marcus became the first candidate for the throne Went. Now about their education and small Veeras Education became even more important. and it seems That no stone was left unturned. Greek He received his training as a writer from Herod a very wealthy Athenian from Atticus Retroassian who has his own family and Had a very dramatic relationship with the court like a soporific He learned Latin oratory from Marcus from Cornarius Fronto who was a native of North Africa

8:33 He was a famous retrologist from Sirta. It was a game of fate that Fronto had quite a few Letters bearing Marcus' name still survive and because of them the relationship between students and teachers A close bond is visible Is. Those letters also show that Fronto was a little sad that Marcus Rhetoric and deeper into philosophy Were going. In the first book of Meditations Marcus described them as Philosophers have been mentioned with whom He formally or informally learnt and it seems he has inspired many other people Also read or heard from will be. Marcus also did a lot of work outside the classroom.

9:18 You might have learnt something. Legal and Political Training There used to be an informal apprenticeship for. in which the Young Aristocrats were presented to the great public Had to work with figures. As Junius Rusticus whose Influence Marker has 1.7 It is written in. That is, from the Book One section. But the biggest influences are their adoptive It was Father Antoninus Pius's. Marcus looked at That must be how Antonus used to meet the Embassy. Used to hear legal cases. and dictating letters to his officers Were. as well as becoming Marcus' heir. Status can also be shown in different ways

10:04 remained Was. He became consul in 140 at the age of just 19. in age and again at 145. the same year He married Fustanina, daughter of Antoninus. which he mentions in Meditations 1.17 I have done it. Edward Gibbon's History of In The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire The rule of Antorinus was described as Has gone. There is very little history in it The material is available. Because the history Most human beings' crimes, stupidity and There is a record of sad deeds. Marcus in that period also for the biography of Didn't find anything special. In the decade and a half between 145 and 161, we

10:53 Very little is known about Marcus' activities reveals Is. And what was going on inside them was just From his letters to Fronto This is what makes sense. but two things that to define their lives going forward What I was talking about was court and philosophy. On 31 August 161, Antoninus died and Marcus succeeded Became the sole successor. Marcus immediately took action and perhaps Hadrian's original also completed the plan which Antoninus had I ignored him and my adoptive brother Lucius Verus was made the ruler. Veeras character in comparison to Marcus

11:39 Always shown to be weak. Old Sources: Especially gossipy historia Augusta gives him a pleasure and falls The human shows. Almost another Nero Like maybe that's not right. In meditations Marcus didn't say anything like that about him Said. But one thing is for sure that Marcus is the one He was a senior apparer. whether by name or not yes. And this is not even surprising. Marcus Verus was about 10 years older than Antonius He himself trained her for the role Was. What kind of king is this philosopher king?

12:25 came out? Maybe not as different as people think Were living. Theoretically, Apner has the whole There used to be power. But in fact he has The ability to control policies is enough Limited. most of his time is goes into handling the problems which It used to reach from the lower level to the top. Like an embassy from the empire's big city To receive appeals from criminal cases Listening to questions from Provincial Governors Responding to and handling petitions from individuals To Look System of Imperial Couriers It was okay. But the corner of the News Empire It would take weeks to reach the center

13:10 Were. and orders for apparel too till the bottom It took time to reach. The decisions of the Apparer had the status of law. But enforcing it mostly It was in the hands of provincial governors. And their hard work is never theirs Incompetence, corruption or anger of local elites The desire not to do it could have had an effect. Sometimes we get to see Marcus' daily activities Are. Through which letters of Imperial Decisions are passed, Inscriptions and legal cases Are. The losses that remain show that it Interest in freeing slaves Was. and in the Guardianship Rules for Orphans

13:56 Some people also say that the rules for slaves Was inspired by Marcus' philosophy. And Orphans are without their own father From the experience of growing up. But it is not yet clear whether this Were the policies Marcus' own ideas or The apertor before him was similar to Antoninus. Perhaps the most interesting thing is that In the words of Marcus' documents His personality is visible in every Attention to detail and use of words but a conscious effort is visible which Sounds different from his earlier Aper. it Things are the author of Meditations and Fronto's Expectations can also be made from students.

14:41 On finding the perfect word in whose letters A lot has been given. Marcus had a priority with the Senate Building good relations. The goal was that the Apear slightly disguised the absolute power of let's go. an image is created and sometimes it is really also in which conscience and cooperation were shown Give. Until 100 years ago, aristocrats used to think There were hopes that the Republic would return and some of them were true I also wanted it. But by the second century everyone will be clear It was said that there was no option other than the Principate Not there. The Senate wanted their public I respect them and look at them from behind Influence also created are. Good appers will happily play this game

15:28 used to play. When Marcus told the upper classes He strengthened relations with Antoninus And Trajan's footsteps were following that of Hadrian. with whose senate The relations were quite tense and that is why as much as anything else about Marcus Image of a kind and wise ruler Bunny. As long as the eponymous is alive, he can Can do anything as per his wish. But last The word belongs to those historians who It used to be through the Senate. after Cornelius, Tacitus, or Marcus of the generation of Cassiust. Another area where Marcus' The policy was similar to those of his predecessors. she was

16:16 against a small and strange one which called christians Was. In the next century these people will be the masters of the Empire. There were going to be even bigger problems for them. But even in Marcus' time it was so it became noticeable that a man named Celsus Wrote a long writing against them which Some part is still against the Christians left Is. Intellectuals who pay attention to these Too Were. He hated these people. Marcus Teacher Fronto of 's probably thought the same. And common people and administrators either They were afraid or did not like them. People This is why they hated these Christians too

17:03 Because he did not believe in those gods In whose name the society was running. their Atheism means believing in someone other than your God not believing in the people around them and in themselves It had become dangerous for me. And when they did not consider the apothecary to be divine, then He is responsible for the social order and stability of the state. A thread would be created for this also. Christianity was illegal early second Century from when Pleny the Younger, who at that time was regent of Bathania He was governor of Asia Minor. He also served as governor of Aper asked Trajan a question after which Trajan Made an official rule. to the christians No need to search. But if any

17:48 If you accept yourself as a Christian He should be killed. but throughout the empire Prosecution against Christians is enough start later Happened. The best moment for him in the second century The biggest threat were the local provincial governors. who either on his own will or on the behalf of the local public Used to take action under pressure. Riots broke out in Lan City in late 170 In which Greek speaking Christians were I have almost finished it Went. Marcus' teacher Junius Rusticus also Christians were tried in court and Then executed it. Justin Martin too Among these Were. When that city was perfect.

18:37 Marcus also had some idea of Christianity knew it. But it doesn't seem that this topic is It used to take up more space in the brain. Meditations In a section 11.3 of the Christianity gets a direct mention of, that probably later This is the added part. and who Some scholars feel indirect hints yes, that too is probably fake Is. Marcus has more anyway There were serious problems. this little troublesome As soon as he became emperor of Rome and his The only rival to the Parthian Empire in the East The relations between them suddenly deteriorated. of Trajan Both empires have been engaged in a cold war since time immemorial I was locked in. which in every few generations It would have become a military war.

19:25 When Antoninus died and the new inexperienced When rulers came to the throne, the Parthian King Vogesius Three probably took advantage of this chance Raise I wanted it. In 162 his soldiers captured Armenia occupied it, and a Roman army I went to help him but destroyed him Gave. Syria also came into danger. to rome Something had to be done. Verus who had small apertures He was sent to the East where he remained for the next four years. till are. Neither he nor Margus has any. had military experience because Antoninus 's role was peaceful. So the actual war The work was handled by professional generals only.

20:12 There were problems in the beginning but after Romans make a comeback and Young Commander Led by people like Avidius Cassius forcing the Parthians to make peace Gave. Parthia was still a threat, but some Handled it diplomatically for the time being could go. But Verus and Marcus enjoyed their victory. Didn’t get the time to do it. within a year The Empire is in the grip of a terrible plague which may have been Lucius' Soldiers East brought it Were. Maybe their effect is so apocalyptic It was not as much as later writers wrote. But a lot of people died because of this The response to the second major problem is delayed Went. This was the problem on the other side of the empire

21:00 Growing on the North Border Instability. where rome is facing Germany, Eastern Europe and Scandinavia From the Barbarians of. At this time many tribes are under pressure from the North and so she crossed the border to Rome doing Was. Not for Conquest but for Stay To find a place. Rome was once their The resistance sometimes compromises. But the lack of a proper plan ultimately After three centuries, Western Empire Took me till I fell down. In some places, the border is marked with a line Was done. the wall that adrien built It was made in Britain. The Far Side of the Empire

21:46 It was to secure the frontier of. At the time of Antoninus another wall was built a little further north It was made in. But in mainland Europe It was difficult to build such walls and there It was also the most dangerous. Rome still has to The tragedy of AD9 was remembered. When General Verus and His team Legions entered the forests of Germany He went away and never came back. Second Century The area of most tension in me was a little South which is around today's Romania and Hungary It was part of. Dacia's Aria Treasure launched two generations ago won Was. that solved the problem for a while I did, but the risk was still there.

22:34 In Marcus' time, the three largest tribes were had become a problem. Quadi, Marcomeni and the Jejugs or Semitians. Sending three Roman religions to Parthia Because of this the North Border had become weak. And The Barbarians took advantage of this chance raised. In 168 Marcus and Verus invaded the North. marched to face them. Much of the rest followed Marcus' rule Got involved in small fights. First Earley 170 Was it during the Marcomannic Wars and then during the same in another campaign at the end of the decade and this Bar almost the entire burden was on Marcus

23:19 Because suddenly at the start of Verus 169 He probably died of a stroke. This war was different from the previous Verus campaign. It was totally different. which the military and Diplomatic Tricks Against the Parthians She used to work. it's not very useful here Was. This time Romans has to face every small tribal Negotiations had to be done separately with the leaders. who themselves had limited power and those who can never be trusted Was. When the conversation failed, then one by one Small bloody fights had to be fought. There is no major open war Was. The record of this entire campaign is kept in Rome. The Macomb Wars

24:06 Remembers the end of the. Show Victory Scenes made on this monument made for There's only brutal fighting, destruction and Executions are visible. Marcus wrote: The spider boasts of catching flies. Man Rabbits, Fish, Pigs, Bears, Sarantians To. The starting scene of Meditations 8.34 is that severed arms or legs or heads May be part of Marcus' own Inspired by experience yes. By 175 the Romans seemed to be winning. But then a shocking news came. Avedia Cassius who served as a general in the Parthian War

24:51 and now the governor of Syria Banke had become almost the king of the East Empire. He rebelled and declared himself the Emperor It was declared. Some provinces in the east like Cappadocia Stay loyal to Marcus. but the rest of the East especially Egypt Cassius is considered as Emperor Had been. Egypt's grain supply to the capital It was very important. The Civil War Is Almost Decided Was. But Cassius was killed by one of his own men Killed him. Therefore the war was averted. Still Marcus had to go East to show his control For. Fastna also went with them who was on this journey died during Went. Marcus has visited major cities in the East such as

25:37 Visited Antioch and Alexandria And finally reached Athens. Where he is part of the Illusion Mysterious Made. It was a secret religious ceremony which is dedicated to Demeter the goddess of agriculture Dedicated Was. Now Marcus was over 50 and his Health was deteriorating. The rebellion of Cassius Showed that it is important to make a succession plan. Faustina gave birth to at least 13 children Were. most of them die at a young age Went. By the mid-170s, Marcus had only one son. Was saved. Commodus who is just entering his teams Was. The earlier apertures of Marcus e.g.

26:24 There is no reason to follow the adoption rule He didn't and it doesn't seem he did anything like that thought. Over the next few years, Commodos He got a fast track promotion and became a coach at Apper Became almost equal. In 177, at the age of just 15, he Create a console. That same year he was made an Officer of the Empire Almost all the major powers were obtained. Bus The post of Ponmefex Maximus was left which Only the ruling authority was with the Emperor and the life stays for time Was. The victory that came from the Mecomanical War Could not last long and scored 178 runs Both Marcus and Commodus again went to the North Did marches. 2 years later Marcus died at the age of 58

27:10 at the age of 58 Marcus was the first emperor after Vessian Who gave the throne to his son. sad thing That Commodis fulfilled those expectations Not what Marcus might have seen in her. Commodis' name is associated with a spoilt tent. I was remembered. a second Caligula or Nero whose flaws are his father's Nobel Image be more highlighted in contrast of Went. After Commodus' 12 year rule, he There was a murder after which a power in the empire A series of struggles began which continued till the next Troubled the Empire for 100 years. Time to write meditations is usually 170 minutes

27:55 It is believed. That is, of Marcus' life. Last Decade. There is no doubt in the fact that this The time was dark and stressful for him. In the 10 years between 169 and 179 he Faced continuous battles on the border. Cassius saw the failed rebellion and Verus with his wife Death of Faustana and many other close people Saw it. Maybe he didn't expect it would have done that after his death The century will be full of termal. But he understood this much It could be that his son Commodos is not that person It is as they had thought. in such a time Marcus finds solace in philosophy It was absolutely natural. But Marcus has his

28:43 Understanding what one wants from philosophical studies It is necessary to go into a little background for Is. Meditations in the right context To understand we only need Stoicism is the foundation upon which this entire work is based. not only this but in the olden days Also understand what was the role of philosophy It will have to be In today's time, philosophy is an academic The subject is only professional Only philosophers take it seriously Are. We have a philosophy of our life maybe but their university More to do with the Philosophy department It doesn't happen. 20th century analytical philosophy is quite seems far removed from the problems that Americans

29:29 Philosopher Thomas Nagel asks motel questions Are. like making ethical decisions, a fair building societies, understanding grief and loss, and how to face death Understand. Actually today most of us These problems should be solved from the area of religion I understand. Not of philosophy. But Marcus and the people of his time For me the situation was totally different. Old There was also an academic site in Philosophy. Athens and and in even bigger cities through public funding There were teachers of philosophy. And professional Philosophers study and argue in the same way And he used to write like he does today. But There was another side to philosophy. One

30:16 The practical side. This is not just something to read and debate It was rather a design of a life. one such The system that told us how to live our life Needed This need is fulfilled by ancient religion it would not have happened because religion was only Used to focus on rituals. and moral or He did not give any ethical rules. and to someone else There was no expectation from him. this work It was from Philosophy. The idea of philosophy today is mostly the same The man started it. Fifth Century BC The thinker Socrates of Athens, that is Socrates. But in the Hellenistic period philosophy was a And it went to the level. where philosophical sets were made who believed in the proper belief system

31:02 Given. rules for the whole life whoever The man could have totally adopted it. The most important of these Hellenistic systems Important for Romus and for Marcus There was also a Stoic school. this is the name of the movement came from the stoa, a portico where Athens in 262 by its founder Zeno 332 or 33 BC Zeno used to impart his knowledge. Zeno's ideas were carried forward by his successor Clithis 331 to 232 BC and Chrysippus 280 to 26 BC further Increased. Chrysippus wrote a lot and

31:50 He formulated the basis of Systemic Stoicism Got it ready. This early academic stoicism is the source from where one comes again and again to meditations Some keywords and concepts have come up. And to understand Marcus' view, read this entire It is important to understand the basic idea of the system Is. The main ideas of historical thinking The most important among them is this strong the belief that the world is rational and proper made in an arranged manner Is. In simple words, the whole world is under the control of a force that Called Styx Logus. The English words logic and

32:39 Logi comes. The meaning of this word is so much It is important to translate exactly difficult Is. There is a word in Sanskrit similar to this Rit. maybe they can use it Are. At the basic level, this means Connected Rational Thought. either an ability in form i.e. power or ability to think the result of a dialogue that makes sense or Idea Logos works on individuals as well And in the entire Universe too, inside the human being, this occurs in the form of reason and cosmic At this level, it is a rational principle that This sense runs the system of the universe

33:24 I also call the Logos as Nature Providence or God It can be said. When the Bible's John It was written in the Gospel that the Word i.e. Logos Was with God and was God. So this Stoic It is taken from the idea itself. Her Event Logs It is decided through. L O G O S and occurs in a chain in which the cause And there is no break in the effect. Stoicism is deterministic from the start There is a system. That means everything is already decided It happens. There is no free will. and such It seems that humans have no free will And there is no moral responsibility.

34:09 But Stoics fully accepts this Didn’t want to do it. So they gave me free Will is defined in such a way that a person can Choose only what is going to happen anyway. He had a famous example. human being is a is like a dog that jumps from a moving vehicle is tied. If the dog runs away If it's not okay then the car will drag him will go. But the choice is his: to run or to drag. This Like every human being, his choices and actions are responsible for Is responsible. Even if people have already seen them It may have been decided. Even if an action seems wrong or immoral So that too is a part of the whole system. whose final result is harmony and good

34:55 It happens. He would also be under the control of the people Is. But the Logos is not just an invisible power is the one who runs the world. This is a real There is also substance which is present everywhere. not a metaphor but like the actual thing Oxygen or Carbon. Its physical form is minimal. One Something that old Styx called Pure Fire In form of and Chrysippus called it the combination of fire and air. said Mix. Numna is a power, a living The breath that makes humans and animals alive Is. As Dylan Thomas said, The Force That Through the green fuse drives the flower.

35:42 This numina is lifeless like stone and metal It happens in things too. Shape them and It gives unity. The internal energy that Makes stone into stone. Each object is a A mix of lifeless matter and a living force Would Is. When Marcus speaks of cause and material So they mean both these elements. An inert matter and an aerating nomenclature. which stay together as long as the object exists It exists. when the object is destroyed Numina returns to Logos It gets absorbed. This destruction and Reintegration process for each object Every moment is happening. and on a large scale

36:28 It happens with the entire universe too. When Sometimes the whole world is destroyed in fire It happens. This is called achosis. and then make it again Caste Is. If the world is really orderly and people controls everything so that order We can see the proof in every part of the world Needed This thinking has pushed the stocks into physical forced us to think about the nature of the world and They are also interested in logic and the structure of language. Force to find the same rationality in Did. Ethmology in many places in Marcus' Meditations That means the origin of the words is also of interest It is visible. this systematic thinking He invested in other subjects also.

37:17 Diogenes Lucius, a list of the works of Chrysippus The one he has given is quite long. in that only There are such works, not philosophy such as On How to Read Poetry and Against the touching up off Paintings. The later Stoics wrote History, Work in anthropology and other subjects Did. Not limited to just philosophy are. The spread of historic thought is just thought or was not limited to ideas but it It also spread in many places. This movement took place in Athens It had started. After the Death of Chrysippus In 150 years it reached everywhere. Especially to Rome. of the second century B.C.

38:04 The Romans were in the midst of a conquest at that time And by the end of the century he accomplished were controlling the Mediterranean. Where there was conquest there was culture too Comes. When the poet Phorus observed that in 200 B.C. The Roman Aristocrats from 1500 to Their Own Time If you are adopting Greek culture then he had said that the victorious Greece is the real winner It came out. Greek influence on philosophy It is most clearly visible. Greek Philosophers As Penetius 185 to 119 BC and Posidonius came to Rome from 135 to 50 BC To give lectures. Many people stay there for a long time

38:52 And he stayed too. This fashion in the first century B.C. It became necessary for rich Roman youth to go to Athens and study. Like the 18th century Grand Tour Roman Aristocrats supported philosophers and read big philosophy books Libraries Make it. such as the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum In the 1st century AD, Romans such as Cicero and Lucatus introduced the Greek Also try to understand philosophy in Latin of. One of the largest schools of philosophy Stoicism became the most popular. Rest of the sex Styx is always public in comparison to He supported staying active in life. And this thinking was very popular with the Roman upper class.

39:39 I liked it. His values include politics and Military service was very important. Stoicism is sometimes called the real religion of Also called upper class romantics. And it is not at all wrong to say this. This The form of stoicism changed in the process. From the original version with Zeno and Chrysippus Quite different. The most important change was that focus is narrow Went. Early and Middle Stoicism as a Pure There was a system that covered every kind of knowledge and was quite theoretical and abstract Was. But Roman Stoicism was a practical The system was created. a formal system of thinking but not a way to live

40:25 Method Due to historical reasons it is The Roman style is a reflection of the later period He continued to influence more. today what we We use the word historic for those people For those who stay strong even in difficult times Are. She mostly came from Roman values And not from the original Greek philosopher. In the later story scenario people just read books Inspired not by people but by real people used to be. One of its most famous followers was Marcus Cato Cato the Younger. Your Great to look different from grandfather For. When Julius Caesar conquered Rome in 49 B.C. Pay marched on. Cato is an honest and He was a strict senator.

41:12 He sided with Caesar's rival Pampe Because he supports legal government Was. When he realized that Caesar would win. Cato decided that he was a supporter of the Republic would not survive later and in 46 BC Munda was killed He committed suicide after the battle. Century of catostoic resistance within It became a symbol. his poet during Nero's time Lucan immortalized and elected senator Thrasea Petas had a praise field over them Wrote a biography whose result was that Nero also kills Theresia. Thrasea's son-in-law Helvidius Priscus also opposes the same

41:58 and their end was also like that in Vestian Thase and Helvidius became roles in the rule of Model for the rich of the second century Such as Marcus' mentors Rusticus Maximus And Severus Marcus describes these in Meditations 1.14: I have given respect to everyone and to Cato too. Cato Thracia and Helvidius in action There were people. Not the one who writes. his legend Because of his bravery, his image has become a bit simple And it feels flat. one more and more The poet was a complex and interesting person Lucius NS Seneca, Lucan's uncle.

42:44 4 BC to AD 65 known as the Usuli Senica Younger says so that from his famous father Don't be confused. Earlier he was with Young Nero was an advisor but later a failed coup In the process of getting involved in Was forced to commit suicide. every human being that life does not match with their ideals I would do it. And some critics understand that It seemed difficult. Someone asked how come you are so rich and how he praised Neron so much Even though his philosophy said something else His written works especially Letters to Lucilius later of Stoicism The most engaging and easy to understand version because they were written in Latin That is why their effect was very strong on the subsequent generations.

43:32 too much happened But Substance Rich Senators were not a And other types of strikes also used to happen. The Outsider One whose life style is simple and tough, he becomes rich He used to get respect from the people and whose Because of this he openly addresses the upper class society I could have criticized. Such were the early examples Gaius Majonius Rufus from 30 100 who were knights in the Roman administration belonged to the equites class and was called the Nero and Vispasian both sent singles was an even more powerful example student of Mosonius Epictetus who practiced philosophy

44:19 started out as a slave and When I became free, I spent my whole life in this I applied it. He was executed under Domitian's rule Exile in Nicopolis, Northern Greece was sent and when Tarrant died He chose to stay where he could see people He used to teach and give lectures. those visitors even those who came from far away to learn from him Were. One of them was an upper class historian and the leader Arene 86 to 160 who had Wrote a detailed record of the lectures which is available today We know it by the name of Discourses of Epicurus Know Are. Later he also made a short version Which was named Incraudian. What does it mean is it manual or

45:04 Handbook. Specially for Abicutus Marcus He had an important figure. Marcus has his Said thanks to the philosophical teacher Rusticus it is because they called him Epicateus Introduced to lectures maybe discourses or No private lectures Notes in Book 11 of the Meditations of Epicureus Many courses and paraphrases are also available. The Small Encridian Book of Meditations by Arion not only in context but also in form It is similar. Both in short and There is a different format for each entry. The late stoicism of Epicateus is a fairly simple It was a version of the old Heliocentric Stoicism. A philosophy that is much different from its competitors

45:52 I had learned something and had written some parts on my own Had almost forgotten. both of these things Narrowing of the subject and non-historic Taking ideas from sources is also a part of meditation It is visible clearly. Crassippus and his followers transformed knowledge into It was divided into three parts. Logic, Physics and Ethics. Logic means the nature of knowledge. Physics means the structure of the physical world And ethics means human being in that world what is the role? Marcus has a place in Book 8 Section 13 8.13 of this three part system I have taken the name but the rest of the meditations It is clear from the part that logic and physics

46:37 not their focus Was. At one place he thanks the Gods that he gets into petty fights of logic Don't get stuck and too entangled in physics No. Some entries occasionally in 1.17 Showing the link between language and historical thought Are. Like 8.57 i.e. book at section 57 But it is rare in world play. many times Marcus's logic seems weak. They Not a philosopher's logic but a speaker Or it is a writer's one. e.g. the one in 4.4 Proper logic chain is available. but he It is uncommon. in the physical world There is interest only when that person is human It should be related to life. A Basic of Stoicism

47:23 the idea of the whole universe at one time After getting destroyed in the fire, Marcus on this He remains quite neutral and he is the only one doing this No Were. For them the real base of the system is ethics Was. Just because you are a great thinker or Could not become a scientist. it doesn't mean that that you can get freedom, attack and kill others Stop helping me. written in 7.67 Is. The questions of meditations are Mostly metaphysical and ethical. We Why are you here? how do we live our life Needed? How can we be sure we are doing the right thing? are you doing it? How do we cope with our daily stress? Avoid? How to deal with sadness and pain? And

48:09 How to survive? When we know that one day we They will not stay there. The answers to these questions Summarizing would be both useless and wrong. Because the real impact of meditation is Marcus to solve these things in a clear and strong way It is in addressing. But paying attention to a thought pattern is useful which is in the center of meditations and of Epicateus also what the philosopher Pierre Hadard clearly I had explained it. This was the idea of three Of discipline. Of Perception, Action and Will Discipline. The discipline of perception says that we should focus our thinking completely Should be kept objective. things as they are Just watch it like that, without any emotions. this point

48:57 To understand the Stoic theory of knowledge It is important to understand a little. as we have seen. The Whole Universe for Stucks It moves through the logos. these people are inside us Work through Hegemonican. Its It means the one who leads. This is our It is a part of the thinking power. apart In situations it means will or character It can also happen. This is the same thing as the English Sometimes I work for the brain and sometimes for the heart It is equal to. It has a main job Understanding the information that comes from our senses and the judge to do. Things from the world hit us all the time They do. Things

49:42 Events give us a fantasy. a mental impression then the mind converts it into a Creates perception. One from a photonegative such as hypolepsis The image is created. Ideally that image is absolutely It should be like the original. But every such There isn't a bar. sometimes it's blurry or Such shadows appear in it which obscure the real image. distorts the Are. The most common distortion is wrong Value Judgment. call something good or bad Give. when in reality she is not good Bad. Between good and bad. like if my house If it burns then it is just an event. One Reports from the outside world that my senses Gave it.

50:28 But if I think my house is burning down So my life is ruined so this is a This is the interpretation that I myself gave at that event imposed Is. THIS IS JUST A POSSIBILITY AND I It is not necessary to believe that Is. Maybe if I don't believe it, then it's for me You are better. Meaning of problem things or events I don't have it. The problem is in those meanings which we stick on them. So it is our job to improve our perception keep strong control over our No wrong thinking in your mind Entered. The second discipline is that of action Discipline. with other people our It's about relationships. Like for Marcus For the rest of the Sticks too, man is a social being.

51:14 There is being. He says this over and over again. Like in 5.16 8.59 9.1. every person has is a part of the logos and it is used the ability to do it and this is what gives us the ability to do it Makes it different from animals. But perhaps it would be more correct to say that we Is a participant of Logus. which is a process It is there and also a substance. Marcus often described the Logos-ruled world as a compared to the city in which every person is a citizen and by being a citizen who Duties come and everybody has to perform them Are. Humans are a part of nature and our It is our duty to accept the demands of nature

52:01 Accept it. live as nature Requirements. Just like Marcus always said. To do this we need to have the right management of our people. and the role which we get in cosmic He got the plan in the best way Should be done. it just means silently Not by accepting it but by being active with the world, with your destiny and Cooperate with other people the most Have to do it. Marcus repeatedly says, we They are made not for ourselves but for others. Our nature is actually selfless. Others in our relationship with them we have to We should think about the collective good and be with them

52:47 One should behave in a fair and just manner. Marcus never clearly defines that What does he mean by justice? But It is important to understand that the meaning of this word What is there in this justice and what is not there. every Human beings have a part of the Logos. Logos That means ritual religion. Every human being has a part of the Logos and Everyone has a role in this big design of the world There is a role. But this does not mean that all Are humans equal or do their roles match? Are. Many people of his time were like Marcus. viewing society as a hierarchy Were. And it is reflected in their language.

53:33 Gives. human society is an organism As it is. Like a body or a tree. But the trunk of a tree is not like the leaves And confuse the hands and the fit with the head don't do Can. To act justly means justice. Its This does not mean that everyone should be treated equally to do. This means that according to their Treat them like they deserve it. and this The idea of the drink is decided by its position It happens. Where is his place in that hierarchy? Is? The focus of stoicism is on the universe There is order and harmony in society as well. There must also be an order and system. it The idea suits upper class romantics very well Was. Because it makes them feel proud of their society

54:20 No Uncomplicated Questions on Structure had to ask Were. The Third Discipline, i.e., that of Will Discipline. It's kind of an action It is the opposite of discipline. of action Discipline is for those things that It is within our control. what we do Are. The discipline of the will for those things things happen which are not in our control. which are with us. whether anybody else Or nature may have done it. We are committed to making our actions control and are also responsible for There are. If we do something wrong we self-harm. But others not to anyone and to the people also No. On the other hand, things that are within our control They happen outside of us to harm us

55:08 There is no power of it. If a person something does bad things like torture, theft or other A person hurts himself by committing a crime Is. Not to the victim. Nature's Actions Just as fire, sickness or death occur only when It hurts when we call them harmful I understand. When we do this, we I doubt his goodness and care. And This is how we show under our own logo Are. We don’t want to do this work at all Needed Instead we should accept things as they are, It should be seen like that. Here the concept of perception Discipline is useful and they should be accepted Should be done. by using the discipline of the will or As Epictetus says and Marcus quotes

55:54 Are. the art of Aquescence. If we understand that every event is logged in has already thought about it. The religion, the custom, Laws, nature and everything is in their plan and that plan is always good It happens because it must happen. So Then whatever is written in our fate No matter how bad it feels, accept it Should be done. As the poet Alexander Pope said, it is That's fine. It's every obstacle and every bad luck applies to something like Is. And especially at the time of death, there is a process that we We can't stop what won't harm us and which we consider as a part of nature

56:42 should be accepted happily. These three disciplines are perception and action And together we will create a complete system of life Let's make it. Their mix and form is everywhere It is found in meditations. this is very clear It has been written. Meditations everywhere in 7.54 You have these options at every moment Are. Enjoy this event with humility Accept means will. with this person Behave with them the way you should behave with them. i.e Action. Approach this thought carefully So that nothing irrational enters into it. i.e Perception. Same three points, slightly different See you in order. in Meditations 9.6

57:28 Objective Judgment, Unselfish Action, Willing Acceptance of All External Events. and you get a new version In Meditations 8.7. Progress means something for the Arational Mind Falsehood or doubt in your perception Do not accept it. in your actions Making Selflessness an M. just those things Whether you like it or not, that is in your control and what nature wants from you To accept. Becoming a part of the same nature Just like a leaf is part of a tree Is. Many more such entries are available. in The repeated occurrence of three points shows this That this is the center of Marcus's thought. And

58:16 This also seems to be the main reason for writing meditations Is. Marcus and Elias are often referred to as one Seen as the perfect Stoic. But Stoicism in Meditations has only one application: There is only one clear mention in 5.10 and that too is one in distanced tones like it's just another School should be like all other early stage students Big names are not found here, neither is Geno's name Isn't it true that Cluthus and Chrysippus also have only two The name comes up once. once upon a time a small coat in 6.42 and once Marcus tells her of those with Socrates and Epictetus List those who are dead 7.1 In line. This does not mean that Marcus

59:04 Thought Not Stoic Was. or that the Stoic lays special emphasis on them Epectatus had no effect. If they If you want to connect with any one school Stoicism would have been the best fit. But If they were asked what are you studying yes, he would probably say Philosophy: There is nothing surprising in this No. Philosophy in the Roman period of that time The style had become like this. When the schools As Platonists, Peripatetics, Cynics and The Stoics are more concerned with their differences than with their Used to focus on common points. Marcus said Those people who have something important in their thoughts Agreed he was not a substoic. Like Severus

59:49 which is peripatetic Were. Authors such as Seneca and Epictetus have also Accept the Basic Ideas of Stoicism Did. But without hesitation the other from schools to courts, stories and Took the arguments also. Meditations are also the same She does. Remains on historic base. But there is a lot of influence from other philosophies as well took Is. The old thinkers whom Marcus quoted Socrates was the most important among them That means Socrates. The Great Thinkers of Athens who focused philosophy on the physical world By removing human morality and society I shift to their rule Did. Socrates himself did not write anything. His teachings were influenced by his student Plato. It is available through dialogue. Marcus said

1:00:37 Plato has been quoted in many places, especially in the book in the Seven and Socratic or Platonic You get ideas and places too. an example is the Socratic paradox which states that no human being does anything wrong intentionally Would do. And if a person knows the difference between right and wrong If one has clear knowledge then it is always correct Will do it. Marcus says about other people that he is like this because he has to know good and evil I don't know the difference. In 2.1 and this thought They would repeat it in other places too Are. The Character of Socrates and His Teachings As important as it was. His Legendary Strength and self control made him a

1:01:23 Estoic made a perfect example For a philosopher or any philosopher For. He never expressed his philosophical belief did not compromise with and when 70 years by imposing false charges on them at the age of When the trial took place, he sacrificed his life. His honesty in the trial and execution His behavior in the days before was like this that was People can easily call him First Century Strike Martians such as Thrasius or Petius or Helvidius We would have accepted Priscus's first version. Marcus also remembered Socrates in the same light Is. Meditation 7.66 Thinkers before Socrates who were

1:02:10 Presocratic Sayings Are. They include both Marcus and the Stoics. were most important for me. Heracleitus. One The mysterious thinker who was the Was in Turkey. whose knowledge is like short sense He was famous. Deep and confusing too. Logos and Fires in the System of Heraclitus Both were given central roles. it Both things were natural to Stoics and Perhaps he was also influenced by Hirakitus. Heraclitus' name is mentioned in some places in the Meditations 4.46 comes to 6.47. But his ideas and are also hidden in many entries. their Marcus' short and striking style

1:02:56 It is also visible in some lines. As The best revenge is to not be like that. In 6.6. The fencer's weapon is raised. then put it back goes. The boxer's weapon was inside him Is. In 12.9. From Heracletus to Marcus A most powerful theme comes. Time and Constant Change of Matter. Herotus said We cannot enter the same river twice. And Marcus took that thought further. Time is a river. Fast flow of events The current appears once and goes away goes. Then another one comes and he goes too goes. 4.43 and 2.17 and 6.15

1:03:44 In. Heracletus Marcus was most affected The puters were Presocratic. But some other thinkers also have influence It is visible. Marcus Immodestus the Poet The image with the perfect round sole is placed in two places I have used it. Book at section 41 i.e. 8.41 and 12.3 and once again the Pythagorean There is also a hint of mystical ideas. At 11.27. Some entries are Democrats' Thought She also seems inspired by it. The Democrats created the atomic theory which was later presented to Epicurus Inspire of. Neither did Herotus build any school Socrates created the school, it was Plato's job and then his student Aristotle

1:04:31 The Peripatetic School with its unique ideas Made. Marcus Aristotle's name was never but one of his followers, Theophastus, Thought he liked and quoted 2.10 Fourth was perhaps even more important of the century B.C. Synesisics of which the first and most famous were Angry Diogenes of Sinope a Proper Sharing an attitude rather than a doctrine His focus was on the rules of society Insulting and living close to nature Live. Diogenes himself gave an image of the philosopher Set it. A poor and simple man. Marcus

1:05:17 The Naked Philosopher in Meditations 4.30 It has been mentioned that he might be a soldier. His famous claim was that he was the best in the whole world is a citizen. This is what the Stoics call the World Age. Similar to the idea of A City Is. Marcus mentions Diogenes by name in several places He has also taken 2.15% of his student Monmus I also remembered another Sanic Crates Is. In a story in Meditation 6.13 whose meaning is not clear now Is. Relation of Marcus to Epicureanism Who was the biggest rival of storacism. Very confusing in Ellinistic Philosophy Was. Epicurus who lived from 341 to 270 B.C.

1:06:05 His followers believe in such a universe from the world of Zeno and Crispus It was totally different. The world of sticks would have been perfectly ordered But for the Epicureans the Universe is Random It happens. random mixing of atoms The result is a matter of providence in such a world It seems useless to do so, and Epicurus, though he may have believed in the existence of gods but he They used to say that they have no one in human life There is no interest. For Humans The Epicurean goal was simple. as much as possible Live that much better. As many pledges as possible enjoying them and free from pain and tension Stay as far away as you can. Special Death There should be no fear of it because

1:06:52 Death is just the breaking down of atoms. this process Not only is it firm but also harmless. Because after death we do not survive feel the pain Do it. Many important romances of the act are There were followers. But still this Stoicism Not as successful as it was. and mostly people Used to take it a little lightly. a little lightly You also ignore Were. The Epiquarians of the Quiet Life The idea was that the Roman people were active public It did not match the value of life. And Equating pleasure with good is conservative Romance seemed awkward. eat drink have fun do it. The popular image of Epicureans but The truth was that Epicurus himself clearly

1:07:37 I said that pleasure means deep thinking Not just enjoying food or sex. Yet Epicureanism is a narrow view Even after 1948, the only real rival of Stoicism Was. Because they also had a full system To understand the universe. That is why Marcus in many places refers to providence or atoms 4.3 10.6 11.18 and 12.14 Saying this contrasts directly showing Are. Marcus Usually Likes Epicureanism I didn’t do it. As expected also. In Meditation 6.10 he describes the Epicurean Universe Let's describe the mixture, interactions, dispersal and historical

1:08:24 the system is defined by unity, order, disposition and Clearly the Stoic side is better. In another place he asks whether we are afraid of death Should one be scared? When even Epicureans I take it lightly. At 12.34. but some The entries show Marcus' attitude Sometimes it wasn’t so negative. Marcus said At one place Epicurus's Time of Illness Behavior quoted and appreciated has done in 9.41 and in two places his pen I have taken comfort from the thought of endurance Other late strikes such as in 7.33 and 7.64 As Cinque Marcus also from where he found the truth Was ready to accept.

1:09:09 So far we have been focusing on the content of the meditations. Were living. The Ethical System of Latinism In which there is a little Platonic and a bit of Heracles The influences are mixed and sometimes other References to thinkers and schools also come Are. But now the question is, what are the meditations themselves? what is it? Why was this written? Its Who was the audience? What type of book is this? in To answer our questions, please refer to the content Now let's look at its form and its origin look to the side It will have to be I think Marcus has enough It would have been a surprise. maybe even a little shocked if he could have seen that his name was Modern Library of Appeared in The World's Best Books Is. He first knew the title of that book

1:09:57 But I would be surprised. English Title Meditations Not only is it not original but it is misleading is also there. it seems like it's a serious thing And it is an authoritative book. While in fact it is Just a collection of random notes written in Greek Manuscript in print for the first time was used in Marcus' original writing It was a very far-fetched version. of this book in them The name was to Himself. S This also probably was not the original title. But At least this feels a little more accurate than this According to the nature of the book. The real thing is this that Marcus probably never read this book Didn't even give a title. The simple reason is that

1:10:43 He treated it like a proper book I never thought about it. For this to be published was not written down and Marcus clearly knew this I never expected anyone else to ever see it will read. It mentions such people and events which was unclear even to the readers of that time As they were for us. Meditation 8.25 or Some people of 12.27 are probably people of their time would have recognized but no one believed that What did Rusticus write from Sunesa? 1.7 or Antonius sends customs officers to Tusculum What did he say to whom? 1.16 or Keta with Marcus What happened in? 1.17 In some places Marcus claims to be an Aper

1:11:31 I also think directly about the role. This way Thoughts were of no use to anyone else. He thinking about the danger of being imperialized In 6.30 in the Senate, Simple Speaking We will give you a reminder at 8:30 and send your unique Reflection at position 11.7 in It is clear from all the entries that You are not a general reader of the text but Marcus is himself. Like he wrote. When When you look at yourself, remember some aper. At 10.31. Now the question is how to do meditations What category should we put it in? this is not a diary Is. At least not in the normal sense. In this

1:12:16 Something special about Marcus' daily life It was not written. No names, no dates And location is mentioned in only two places. In this The reader also does not get any sense. As It happens usefully in diaries. Some scholars They say maybe this is a rough copy of a big book Have a draft. such as Pascal's Pensées or The Notebooks of Joseph Jobert. But Meditation notes are so repetitive and It's simple, this theory does not fit. it maybe they match a little more From the Notes of a Working Philosopher. As Wittgenstein's Jettel or from Simone Weil's Career but also here There is a big difference. Meditations

1:13:03 does not seem experimental or open-ended and Nothing in this seems original. it's like this It seems as if a person keeps repeating the same thing over and over again repeating old ideas because they did not absorb it completely Did. Probably the best of these entries The description was given by French scholar Pierre By the head. According to him this spiritual There are exercises that Marcus does on his daily to handle stress and confusion It was written for. a self help book in the Realist sense. This point can be achieved even with one entry It becomes clear. Marcus in Meditations 5.9 Remind yourself. Teacher of Philosophy Don't look like.

1:13:48 Look at her like it's cold to the eyes Leaf or comforting cream. this view If seen from the perspective of Marcus, these entries It is not written to record thoughts I had not gone there to enlighten others either. For. It was for his own use only in which he puts his philosophy into practice and Strengthen Yourself Can. Many such things can be seen from this angle We can understand what seems confusing at first Was. Like the imperative mood in the text Should be used. Don’t forget to think like this. It's just Not meant to describe or reflect Rather it is for pushing. and this He also explains the repetition that someone The reader also notices this in advance. Same

1:14:34 Again and again on problems To return. These entries do not provide new answers. Just repeat the old answers in a new way She does. Maybe this is a repeat for Marcus Doing and speaking in a new way is the most Helpful Was. Understanding that entries for meditations There is also a process. Not just the product. This explains why this book is so Why does it look random and disordered? Is. We do not know what are the benefits of meditation Who arranged the different books or on what basis But I did it. The order may be chronological Yes, a little bit or totally random yes. Arrangement of Individual Entries Marcus may or may not own one. But the randomness that is visible seems to be

1:15:22 That Marcus must have left it like that. because if there was a letter editor later So maybe those are entries with similar topics to group or tie up loose ends I would try to. And we cannot always be sure that a Where does the entry start and end? In many places, maybe even Marcus himself is not clear Were. Book One has a special place because It seems different from all the other books. she a little It is autobiographical and has proper thinking The structure of understanding is visible. There are 17 in this There are entries. where Marcus remembers those Those with whom he has done something in life Learned it. Directly or through their examples

1:16:09 Entries from Marcus's Early Life follows the sequence. First their Older relatives, then teachers, then their Adoptive Father Antoninus and at the end Gods. This logic dictates the order and size of entries The increase of seems to indicate that this arrangement Deliberately Marcus did. If it is true So at least book one has been given a title by Marcus. complete unit as thought will be. Scholars believe this and maybe it is right that in Book 6.30 the younger of Antoninus Pius The sketch is probably from Book One of Lager Memoir 1.16 Was the starting point of. so this part It may have been written later. The rest of the books

1:16:54 There is no clear unity or development in Difficult to find. Meditations wherever you are Open the page of book one and leave it the same The same voice and the same topic are available. Margus's Thoughts do not change from one book to another

…