Philippine History in a Nutshell, Part 2 (Philippine Colonial Society)

0:04 Hello, good morning, good afternoon, good evening everyone. I'm not sure what time we're going to watch this lecture video. Well anyway, good day everyone. Fly from my bedroom. Anyway, so yes, as I hope you don't mind, there are two names on the screen. I have to have using two computer. to do this recording. It's been a while I'm not doing this. So I'm still figuring out how to do it again. Well, anyway, I hope in your screen you can see the handout that I gave you last time. It's about the political structure of the colonial society. So here you actually have the

0:55 political structure that was introduced to us by the colonial government during this time it was a Spaniards. So I believe we already, yeah, I believe we already discussed this part, but for those who were not able to listen to that lecture, I will be giving you a short recap for this, maybe five minutes about this political structure in the colonial society. So as you see in your screen, And I believe you also downloaded the handout that I gave you. So you have here from the central government down to the barangay level, where this system of government was actually introduced to us by the Spanish colonial government. As

1:43 we mentioned in our discussion before, when we talk about political structure of government, basically in the pre-colonial times, we have... the barangay system, which is a very small unit of government where you only have 30 to 100 families. But when the Spaniards arrived, they actually introduced to us this kind of government, the centralized form of government. So in this part, you will see that you have there the central government headed by the governor general, then you have the alcaldía mayor headed by the alcaldía mayor, then municipios, web logo headed by the governor or gubertoothilio if you

2:29 pronounce it in spanish then the visa the barangay so all of these structures uh was very present during the colonial times so they've also also noticed side by side with the alcaldia mayor you have the corrigimento so the corrigimento um this is the un-pacified territories where mapacified na siya. During the Spanish occupation, when you say pacified, ito yung the people are already converted to Catholicism. At the same time, they are already paying taxes to the government. So dito banda, kung mapacified na siya, mawala na yung korehimento. Diba the korehimento headed by the corridor maging Alcaldia Mayor na siya. Hated by the Alcaldia Mayor, then after that provincial level, so

3:15 meron na tayong with the CPU level, headed by the governor of Resilio, then Cabiza at the barangay. That was with all of these structures, as we mentioned in our previous discussions, the governor general is the most powerful. During this time, the governor general is really so powerful. He has the executive power, legislative power, even the judicial power. And then, here, So basically, if you notice, you have the three countervailing institutions. So ideally, the purpose here is actually to check and balance. So you have the rural adensia, residencia, and visita. So all of this is to check if there

4:00 might be abuses or excesses done by the government officials, particularly the governor general. Ang ano dito is, Example, yung Royal Audensia, it's like the Supreme Court of the land. Pero ang problema lang, the Royal Audensia, the one who appoints the judges in the Royal Audensia are actually the Governor General. Okay, yung joke natin sa klase, how can you check somebody if he is your boss? So parang yung sinasabi natin, parang expectation versus reality. And expectation is ideally these people are supposed to serve as a sort of check and balance to the governor general, but in reality, hindi ito nakaka-function. Residencia, this is the power of the incoming governor general to investigate the incumbent governor general. So kung titingan mo, parang maganda naman.

4:52 Anomalies can always be checked by the incoming. But during this time, I think we did mention this in our class, that basically the atmosphere of corruption was also terrible. that sometimes this power, this residential power, was actually abused by some of the incoming governor general to extort the incumbent. Sometimes the man, since the atmosphere of corruption was also terrible during that time, sometimes the incoming governor general, not necessarily they will extort money. Sometimes the incumbent actually would also... offer anyway so here's the

5:40 uh price for uh for the favor that you are going to do for me and then the other one is you have the visita so in your handout you have there the consejo de las indias yeah you have their consejo de las indias because um the colonial government did not actually the spanish government at the time never really Because there are many colonies, so with their many colonies, they actually administrate through the Consejo de las Indias or the Council of Indies. So from the Council of Indies, so basically the Philippine colony, we were actually ruled by Spain through Mexico. Anyway, we'll be talking about that Spain has actually 250 years of history. I know, Mexico, I mean, has 250 years of history with the

6:29 Philippines. So with that, sometimes it don't . So the Council of Indies will actually send a secret investigatory body. So this is the . So the one who conducts the visit is called visitador or the investigator. So in reality, there are institutions or they have ways how to check the different many colonies that they have. But as we mentioned, this is expectation versus reality. at that time, there were not many Spanish Spanish in the Philippines. So it was easy for them if there is a new galleon coming in the Philippine colony and then new Spanish coming. So it's easy for them to identify where they are coming and there might be if this person is roaming around trying to ask

7:19 certain questions to some officials and people. So sometimes the secret investigation is not secret at all. It's easy for the Spanish officials to identify or even they have some spies maybe to investigate some of these new Spaniards. So with that, it was easy for them to identify. Then the visitador who was in the Philippine colony, They will offer an offer that you cannot refuse. Expectation versus reality. They have countervailing situations. They're supposed to be check and balance. But since the Philippine colony was

8:09 quite far, even in Mexico context, you have still to cross the Pacific Ocean. With that, they really didn't check. The government officials, particularly the governor general, at some point became the fountainhead of graft and corruption. So unfortunately, it was what happened before. The Filipinos are, by nature, we are fast learner and then... sentimental in a way that this kind of government, why is it found in heredograph and corruption? Because according to some accounts, most of the governor general in the country, in the colony, was not

9:00 really qualified for the position. Most of them were actually the highest leader of the position. So they were almost able to get their position. normal if you you have your you invested something dapat may return of investment at profit so and then so that's the reason why during that time the corruption was really terrible most of them do not actually have moral um they don't have morality to resist corruption in a way with that context if you bought your position most of you know the greed of human beings the greed of men trying to

9:45 get what they have invested and then some profit and then at some point also there was a time that the political context in Spain was also chaotic that they have the liberals versus the conservatives sometimes there was even a time that in the Philippine context, halos apat na beses tayong nagpalit ng Governor General. So, ibig sabihin, kung ikaw yung Governor General, hindi mo alam how long you will stay in power. So, you've invested so much with your position. So, parang the moment you set foot in the Philippine colony, parang mungurapok ka na, parang mayroon ka na return of investment and profit right away. And then, yes. So, with this, so, bakit sila sabi nilang it was the Spanish government kind of really influenced to

10:34 us this system of corruption. Because here, for example, you have the barangay because the highest position only open for the Filipinos or Indians at the time, we're actually just a municipality or a pueblo. You can never be in the provincial level more of the national level. So you can't be an alcaldic mayor at Governor General. Hanggang Gobernur Silio ka lang at Kavisa di Barangay. So, these two, itong Kavisa di Barangay, they're the one who collect taxes house to house. Tapos kinukonsolidate ito ng Gobernur Silio. Pero, unfortunately, with this position kasi, hindi mo kailangan mo

11:20 kasing ano eh, meron kayong mga kota of taxes that you need to collect. Kaya kung wala yung, kung hindi mo ito makolekta, you will be penalized. So, eventually, the These who constitute the barangay level and the municipio level realized this position is actually an opportunity to enrich ourselves because they have access to money. So they did it to ensure that they didn't pay or penalize for not collecting enough taxes. So most of them eventually collected more than the prescribed amount. So, pinapatungan nila yung mga taxes, yung mga buwis na kanilang kinokolekta, which eventually yung iba, most of it, yung sobrado ay

12:05 pinapacket nila. So, from there, joke nila yung sa Maylo, small thing starts from, a great thing starts from small beginning. So, basically, ganun yung concept. By nature, actually, Filipino's political structure, it's not really encouraged we're not encouraged to do corruption. Because, the style of our culture before the pre-colonial times, the system of the Bayanihan system, the help. Unfortunately, a new system was introduced to us and then, yeah, Filipinos also easily adopted it, unfortunately. And then, yeah, until now, the Spaniards were here for 333

12:52 years. And, This year, we are celebrating the 125th anniversary of our independence. So it's still very young. Hindi pa tayo nakakalahati sa 333 years ng mga Espanyol. So anyway, masabi nila ang kabataan ang pag-asa ng bayan and hope in your generation. there's more hope for us. So now let's proceed to the colonial policies and native responses. So with these colonial policies and native responses, so ito yung mga policia na inintroduce ng mga Espanyol sa atin. So you have there the taxation, the forest labor, the government monopoly, and the harsh agarian policies. So some of you

13:40 yeah i think we did cover this already also anyway just a little ano balikan na ng konti so taxation so the ultimate form taxation is yung tribute um ito yung amount na binabayaran ng mga natives in recognition of the spanish sovereignty and eventually the distribute was abolished as in my own paraming nagreklamo na parang So, it's not a good thing to collect. So, it's a good thing to do with the CDLA, which is actually a graduated full tax based on the income of the taxpayer. So, aside from this, actually, the three CDLA is also for... What do you call this? Identification. That's why once you go somewhere else in the Philippine colony, it's important to identify where you're coming from. And then...

14:34 So aside from this sidula, may ramang mga compulsory contribution, the simbahan, yung mga novenas, different kinds of prayers, bell ringing, and other rituals of the church. So with this, this is the taxation. So ito yung mga, ito yung ini-implement nila sa mga lugar na pacifat. And then down there, you have the forest table. Hopefully my screen is moving, kasi on my end, it's moving. So you have there, forced labor or full of services personnel or forced labor. The one who do the forced labor are called polistas or the laborers. According to the provision, ang forced labor na ito, lahat daw ng mga kakalalakihat, all able-bodied men na may katayahang gumawa from age 16 to 60. And then, dapat daw hindi madisturb ang planting season at harvest

15:23 season. Same time, kung tagasan ka, dun ka lang mag-render ng forced labor. But yun nga, it's 40 days. And then, ang ano dito is that, so for slave labor, ang mga polista dito, kasi when the Spaniards arrive, they're the one who introduced to us the usage of roads and bridges. So, of course, meron na din. Sorry pa? Did I turn off my video? Or something wrong with my camera? It's okay. Okay, I continue. I think it's my internet that's fluctuating. So, hopefully this is still okay. So anyway, I'm going back

16:14 to... Yeah, okay. Of course, sorry about that. I'm kind of confused why my camera is turned off on my other laptop. I'm not doing anything. Okay. So, yeah, the forest day board, they're the one... When the Spaniards are basically yung society kasi natin iba, we're surrounded with many different kinds of, we are an archipelago surrounded with waters. We have lakes, we have rivers. So basically sa tubig tayo yung means of transportation natin. But when the Spaniards were here, they introduced more of the usage of roads. So then also the deduction of paggamit ng mga katipaklaseng to life. So anyway, so with this,

17:02 ang mga polista, ang mga forest laborers ang gumagawa nito. So they're the one who do the, you know, they're the one who do the, who will build the rows and bridges. Some of them became rowers and archers of the Spanish expedition. And then yung iba tagaputol ng mga kahoy sa bundok, nagagamitin for the galleons. Yung mga lalaking barko na gamit ng mga Espanyol before. So, di naman ganang hirap Mahirap kung pakinggan mo, yung pag-reender of forced labor. Unfortunately, all of those provisions ay doon lang actually sa papel na kikita. Example, yung edad 16 to 60 years old, so the lower limit is 16, the upper limit is 16. So ang problema, wala namang

17:47 mga birth certificate ng mga tao doon. So it was hard to identify who is exempted, who is not exempted. Tapos ano lang dito, kasi diba sabihin lang kasi sa provision, those who render forced labor, meron lang rasyon ng pagkain, may tunting allowance from the government. Unfortunately, yung mga allowances na yun at mga provisions na yun, hindi nabibigay sa mga pulista. So, with that, but for the Spanish officials, the more pulistas means more money for them. Kasi since kung nakurakot nila yung mga provisions for the laborers, for the pulista, um, the more they can only get, they can add names, the more they can only get. Unfortunately, even below 15 and sometimes above 16, they just don't know what

18:36 their age is. So most of them, even beyond the age of 16 and below 16, many of them are required. So basically, in our class, if you were born during that time, So, for sure, you have to render forced labor. Pero, meron ang provision. You can actually, you know, term dito sa handout nyo, the only way out of the polo was the payment of a falia. So, ano yung falia? Magkano yung falia? Which is actually one and a half real every day for 40 days. So, yung sabihin, you have to pay at least, what, 60 reales for 40 days. Tama ba? I'm not sure if my mathematics is correct. But yeah, you have to pay at least 60 reales

19:27 just to be exempted. Pero ang problema, diba? Balik tayo sa taxation natin. Ubus na nga yung pera nila sa kakabayad ng mga taxes, yung tribute, talagang sidula, that eventually meron pa silang mga compulsory contributions sa church. So I don't think many of those polistas during the time can actually afford to pay for the exemption fee. And aside from that, you also have government monopolies. So what about government monopolies? So you have there the Bandala system, the Gallium Trade, the Tobacco Monopoly. So the system of the Bandala system, all the natives during the time were required to sell their products in the government store. So actually under the system, the government

20:14 required each province to meet certain quota of commodities. Meron sa mga quota sa commodities. So anong quota yun? Example, talon mo na tayo sa tobacco monopoly. Yung tobacco monopoly. So, tobacco monopoly na ito, yung goberno during that time, nag-designate sila ng mga certain provinces na wala silang ibang ita name kundi tabako lang. So, di ba, this monopoly brought malaking profit actually sa government. So, on the contrary, yung mga farmers yung nagsasuffer. Kasi unang-una, you cannot eat tobacco for breakfast. Diba? You cannot even for snacks, hindi pwede. So with that,

21:00 there was a scarcity of food. Kaya nga sabihin lang, yun to bake-home monopoly. Kasi halos, ang daming lang district, meron ka mga lugar, tawag niya lahat ko bake-home districts, kung saan these places will plant nothing but tabako. So kung walang ibang matanim, yun nga, scarcity of food yung resulta, yung famine. Kasi kung kailangan mo bumili ng the bag, the bag, the provision, under the bandala system, you have to buy it to the government store. And then, your product, you have to sell it to the government store. So, the problem here, if you're able to read your hand already, your abuses is actually enforced labor and cheating in the forces of the tobacco, or only few of the problems that the natives of the tobacco

21:45 planting districts face. Because here, Even yung classification ng kanilang mga dahon, minsan dinadaya sila actually. Dinadaya sila ng mga buyers nila. And then, unfortunately, they were not also paid in cash. Sometimes, binibigyan pa nga sila ng mga promissory note. Which is, they buy for the farmer. He works so hard for it. And then, dinadaya ka pa. Tapos, You don't pay all the promissory notes. At the same time, aside from the promissory notes, sometimes they raid the farmers' homes. Because under the

22:31 bandala system, there are a quota of certain commodities. So they will reach the quota that is being given by the government for the tobacco. So they need to suyurin yung mga bahay ng mga tobacco farmers na baka kasi hindi binibenta lahat. So unfortunately, even yung mga farmers ng tabako, hindi nga sa halos makatabako na kanilang saling produkto kasi nire-raid na sila ng government. Then ito namang galleon trade, ito yung officially known as Manila-Acapulco trade. Pero wala naman talaga masyadong participation masyado ang Pilipinas sa trade na to. Kung baga, yung mga galleons from Acapulco, Mexico, will bring their

23:16 products to the Philippines. And then yung mga Chinese jams, yung mga sakiyang pandagat from China, will also bring their products dito sa Pilipinas. So parang naging parking lot lang ang Pilipinas, where they exchange their products and then in-demand products from Acapulco, Mexico will reach China and Chinese products will also reach Acapulco, Mexico. And then, anong yung mga yung mga yung mga Espanyol who are able to participate in this kind of trade? But the Pinoy is not very. Unfortunately for this gulliant trade, we didn't develop our commerce because the Spanish Spanish were very paranoid during this time. Well, their paranoia has a basis because they were not interested in the Philippine archipelago. The Dutch was very present. The British was

24:07 also roaming around. at some point in the fall of the amount british that was dutch presence was so pronounced in parts of mindanao and then before the dumateng the areas of indiana we have a very rich trade relationship as early as 9th 10th century with neighboring kingdoms even as far as china before the philippines there was but one already because my chinese another accounts mentioning about with one already so these are the ancient kingdoms so they were so paranoid that back again with outside forces and neighboring kingdoms so they stopped that kind of international trade and they focused on the galleon trade so yeah now let's have the harsh agrarian policies

24:59 so with this um agrarian policies ginamit ng mga Espanyol yung Regalian Doctrine na sinasabi nila about by virtue of caucus lahat ng mga lupain ay pagmamayari na ng hari ng Espanya. So kumbaga yung hari ng Espanya he can give the lands to those na gusto niyang bigyan. So yeah, masyadong lang assuming. So unfortunately by this Regalian Doctrine maski ilang siglo na kayo nakatera sa lugar na yan by virtue of this belief nila yung doctrina nila is that Nawawala yung ancestral domain natin kasi according to them, saka nila daw yun. And then, yeah. So here, you have the incumenderos, the incumenda system, which eventually was

25:44 replaced by the hacienda system. So dito, yung mga incumenda headed by the incumendero, ideally, the incumenderos, they make sure that people are taken care of and also they should make, they will be, they are given a land, um, the thing entrusted lands to these people, yung ikomendero who will head or who will oversee the incomenda. So yung mga ikomenda, ito yung mga tao dito is yung mga newly converted or it could convert na Spanish government took out to the system and eventually they will also pay taxes. And then Unfortunately for the Incomienda system, may raming abuses. So it was replaced with the Hacienda system and land grant from the king. But still, whether it's Incomienda or land grant from our Hacienda,

26:33 on the down is maraming na wala na maalupa ng mga natives during that time who were really evicted and displaced, unfortunately. And then now let's go to the causes of the earlier pricing. So dito... So, it means there was a reaction. It was not all of the Pino's people who were welcome. There was a reaction. In fact, before the 1896 revolution, according to Chitoro Agoncillo, the Pino's people who were already staged more than 100 revolts at a price sale. Unfortunately, all of these revolts We're actually fragmented. Maraming mga rason yung pag-alsa nila. We try to capsulize it into four.

27:21 You have there yung religious uprising, personal grievances, opposition to Spanish imposition, and the agrarian complaints. So makita natin, iba-diba yung kadahilan na iba na-offend personally by the government officials or mga pare, so they don't like it. So nag-alza. Iba naman, they don't like to pay taxes or tribute which eventually became cedula. Iba ayaw ma-forced labor, ayaw maging pulista. Iba ayaw magtanim ng tabako or the tobacco monopoly. So all of this, they're opposed to the Spanish imposition. Kaya maraming sa kanila nagpabundok kasi they don't like to be under this kind of system. Tapos yun naman, religious uprisings, some of it, example, the mga babaylan, the

28:06 shamans before in the pre-colonial times, they were so powerful and influential in the community. Kasi walang pagsasalong masimulan, walang gathering, walang pagtatanim, walang pag-harvest na masimulan kung wala sila sa presence. They always have to start. Kasi these are the group of people or individuals that people believe believe that they have access or they can communicate to the spirit world during that time. Grabe yung mga paniniwala ng ating mga aniluno. But when the Ameri, no, not the Ameri, the Spaniards arrived, as far as Christianity is concerned, yung mga pinagagawa nila was considered pagan and

28:55 discouraged by the priors. Some of them nag-alsa din sa itong katahilanan. And then, yeah, agrarian complaints. Yung mga nawalan ng lupa. Yung ba naman, di ba kasi mayroong hasyenda system. So yung mga wala kasing matinong survey system at the time. If you remember, Rizal was also trying to study land surveying because of this concern. Walang matinong land surveying at the time. that kung may mga yung mga asyenda ng mga religious orders before, it was actually easy for them to say, yung lupa mo, kasama yun sa asyenda namin, magbabayad ka ng rent. Unfortunately, some of the rents are also very expensive. Or kung hindi man nagsimulang expensive, pataasya ng pataas at to the point na mababaon sa utang yung mga farmers. So yung

29:42 iba, they don't like this kind of system, so nag-alsa. So makita mo, they have different, they have, they have, um, valid reasons to really go against the Spaniards and to revolt. But all of these reasons were very, I don't know, they were not able to realize that they have common grievance as caused by the common enemy of the Spaniards. So, masyadong fragmented yung kanilang, iba-iba yung kadahilanan nila eh. They were not united to go against a common enemy. So, we might be wondering, how come, nang tagal lang na-realize ito, So how come that it took them a while to really be united? So I will cut this video muna so that we can actually have...

30:35 Hopefully, hindi na record yun. So anyway, I will cut this part muna. We will continue with the factors on the next video. Para hindi masyadong mahaba yung recording. So this is part one, and then I will be recording the next video about the factors that delayed the development of Filipino national consciousness, as well as discussed in Athens in the next video, factors that led to the development of Filipino national consciousness. So, okay, thank you everyone, and see you in the next video.