SCI 202 Chapter 28 Female Reproductive System Part 1

0:20 [clears throat] [snorts] Okay, this is beginning of chapter 28 which is the female reproductive system. I have a slides made easy just to help us uh navigate the latest SL slides just to give us an idea of what we're heading out to. It's very simplified and again it's just to give us the framework. Okay. So sexual reproduction usually occurs between two separate sexes normally male and female. So an offspring inherits its genes from each parent, different combinations from both parents, right? And that's why people fight for custody because obviously we give 50% of our genes to the child. So the mom can give her 50% input, father can give 50% input, right? So and then

1:07 the child gets a combination of those genes. So those genes are made up of mom and made up of dad as well. What are genes? Well, genes basically carry our information. They inherited information from the parents. So, if this gene is for eye color, for example, if the father has brown eyes, right? This code would be big B, little B, for example. If the mother has brown eyes as well, it could have big B, little B. Now these big B little B's are just the way that the genes are written the alals. So if a parent has big B big B like this it's called the homozygos meaning that

1:53 you have the same type of gene for brown eyes. If you have big B little B like this it means this is hetereroygos. It means you still have brown eyes because the big B is dominant. However the little B is hiding in the corner which is recessive. Right? So it turns out that both these parents are hetererozygos, meaning that they have brown eyes. However, the brown is very dominant, right? So that's why you see the big bees like this compared to the blue eyes. So when these parents mate, this is the father. This is the mother. When they mate, their children have four or 25% chance of these different combinations. Big B, big B means they'll have brown

2:39 eyes. This is like a homozygous type. Big B, little B means that this child's going to have brown eyes because the brown here is dominant. Here, big B, little B, just like this one, brown eyes. However, here you have the little B and the little B meeting, right? This is like mathematics, folks. This one and that one make that one. This one and that one make this one. This one and this one makes that one. And that one and that one makes this one. Right? So here you have little B little B that ends up h in this chance that the child will have blue eyes. Now there's a 75% chance that this child will have brown eyes and there's a 25% chance that this child will have blue eyes. Right? So the chances that this child will have brown

3:25 eyes are larger than the chance that the child will have blue eyes because only 25%. So, three out of four this child will have brown eyes and one out of four this child will have blue eyes. And that's why you'll find that parents can have brown eyes but their offspring have a 25% chance of having blue eyes because they have these genes the recessive gene of blue eyes with you know within the father within the mother. Okay. Gonads right? So gonads are specialized organs for producing gametes for producing these cells that will help up help to make a child. Right? So the male basically has testes and it makes sperm. The female has ovaries and

4:11 obviously that produces eggs. So as you remember from last week we discussed the male reproductive system, right? And if you look again this was the testes. Inside the testes you had the semi nephrious tubules that basically produced the sperm. This was the reti right this was this network that collected the sperm and then it dumped it in here in the epidmus right. This is where we store the sperm and then the vast define or the ductus define basically conducts or sucks the sperm out and shoots it out through the urethra for thrusting. So that obviously um it could expel from the male organ of the penis to the female vagina. Now if

4:57 you cut open the semi nephorous tubules you will see that these cells on the inside are what help to make the sperm that's right here in the middle. So if you watch that video that sperm is right here in the middle and then wrapped around the seminepherous tubules are the interstitial cells called the leig cells that produce testosterone. Right? So this again is a short brief review of the male reproductive system and of course this is how the male reproductive system looked like right. So again I will not go through it because we've done it already. So we're going to be heading soon to the female reproductive system. This was just what each one of those organs the male reproductive system does. So we move forward. These glands

5:45 by the way they're important. You'll need them for your exam. So in the male reproductive system the seinal vesicles they secrete nutrients right and the prostate gland and this is why the prostate gland's important secretes an alkaline fluid. Why does it secrete an alkaline fluid? Again can somebody tell me why do we need alkaline from the prostate? >> Oh it kills the sperm cell or something like that. >> What kills the sperm cell? Uh if it's um too hot, too hot >> acidity, >> too acidic. >> Yes. So if it's too acidic in the urethra, that's where the urine because remember they use the same pipe to excrete or to pump out urine and sperm.

6:32 So if the sperm is going through after somebody had just peed basically it's going to affect this um so once the sperm's coming out it's going to um get affected because obviously the urethra has the urine that's acidic in there. So the alkaline helps because it neutralizes the acidity so that the sperm survives. And in the same case when the sperm gets to the vagina the vagina is acidic. So you want to make sure that it's neutralized so that the sperm can survive as well. So these two areas are important and it's important to secrete um this alkaline from the prostate. That's why the prostate's important. You hear of prostate cancer and people are oh let's just you know like why is the prostate there in the first place? Well it provides a service.

7:19 It makes this alkaline fluid to neutralize the urine in the urethra and also u neutralize the the acidity in the vagina. Now why is the vagina acidic again? Why is the vagina or the urine acidic? Why even make this prostate um why make the alkaline fluid anyway? We know we're neutralizing it, but why not make the the uh vagina neutral or the what do you call it? The urethra neutral as well. Why is it acidic? >> Bacteria. >> Exactly. To kill off any bacteria. Remember, the vagina is opened, right? Any bacteria and it's not too far from the anus as well where one is pooping or

8:05 excreting feces. So if bacteria starts to go in that area, you can basically infect the vagina rather quickly, right? So it's important that it's basically acidic to keep out the bacteria. Okay. Okay. So, there are folks who are trying to unmute. Unfortunately, I can't unmute for some reason. I've tried to. That's why I was trying to ask everyone to un

8:51 to mute themselves. Okay. So, the seminal vesicles secrete the nutrients. The nutrients are to provide the sperm on their journey so that they have food [clears throat] as well, right? So they need the nutrients to survive the journey going all the way to where Princess Charming is waiting for them for the egg. The prostate of course that's the alkaline fluid and then the bulb or urethra gland secrete lubricating fluid. What does that mean? Lubricating fluid. Why would you secrete lubricating fluid? >> To make the sperm swim easier. >> Yeah. But also for penetration,

9:38 >> right? When the penis wants to penetrate the the female uh vagina, it needs to basically lubricate that area. Otherwise, it's difficult. And this is why individuals who have issues with um with getting wet or secretreting fluids [clears throat] that could help to receive the vagina or if the individual the male is not secretreting the lubricating fluid they have to buy these products. I think it's called KY jelly that basically helps to lubricate the region so there's easy penetration of the penis. Okay. So the female reproductive system the ovaries as you see over here right? So the ovaries are the ones that produce eggs, right? So the eggs are going to be important because that's what carries the DNA coming from the mother. Now in a

10:26 simplified version before we actually get to our actual PowerPoint, what starts off first basically is a primary follicle that contains a primary oite. So these follicles over here are what keeps the egg. It's almost like the little homes or the little bedrooms for the eggs. So the oite is called the egg, right? So here oite is the egg. So the eggs live in their little rooms in their little homes. Let's just call them their little homes. So as they start, so the as they start to grow, right? You see over here, they become the secondary follicle that contains a secondary oite, right? So obviously you do not want all of them to basically grow. You only want

11:11 the one that's going to ovulate to grow, which becomes a secondary. You keep the other ones sleeping in their rooms until you need them. Now, when a girl is born, they're born with like almost two million eggs. And those two million eggs at some point, right, start to get less and less every single month as one is secreted, right? So one is secreted every month called the menstrual cycle in hopes that one egg would meet with a sperm of a male and get fertilized. Right? So every single month one of them is secreted. So as you could see with time you start to lose these eggs. Eventually you get down to 1,000 and then that becomes crunch time. Now from 1,000 you go down to 999.

11:58 So imagine every month you're losing one and then eventually kaput they're all gone. Right? And that's how you now start to go through those phases of menopause because all the eggs have been released right now versus males. As I pointed out in last week's lecture, males are different. They can continue producing sperm. Yes, the sperm count reduces. However, a male can allow you know a female to you know he can basically conceive or give a female sperm even at a very very old age. Yes, the sperm count decreases, right? But if one of the sperm meets with the egg, that woman can conceive. Unfortunately with females, it's tough because obviously they lose all their eggs right at one at some point later on as they

12:44 get older. I have a friend who basically um who's a doctor that does a lot of uh research and helps people who are not um who are infertile or or in a sense deemed sterile by seeing if they could produce more of these primary oite because they believe that this may not be true. So this is some of the research that's coming out that perhaps maybe they all don't run out. There's an opportunity to build more. So they're looking at doing that and trying to see how can they get more and more of these primary follicles because they're the ones that have eggs in there. So they want to stimulate these areas to do that so they could help other women who can't have children produce uh children. But so far according to our lecture these

13:30 start to die off, right? They die off and at the end you start to have none left, right? But current research is trying to prove otherwise that maybe we're able to stimulate more and grow more of these primary oytes. Okay. So the secondary follicle contains a secondary oite. Yes. And then obviously this um you know the secondary oytes grows of course and then eventually ovulation happens. The oite is uh released and as you could see it pops out like this. Right? So once it releases this shell or the bedroom where or the house let's call it the house where the oside uh resided before right then continues on because it's almost like they they're doing a loop like a

14:17 circular loop. So this circle that remains or this home becomes what they call the corpus lutium, right? And that corpus lutium will help this little baby that it's secreted, this little oasite that it's secreted by secretreting a hormone later on called progesterone. And this progesterone is going to help this little oasite in terms of um growing in the uterus, right? So just because it released it out, right? and the oasite has popped out, it's going to continue helping it for a short period of time before basically it stops doing that. Right? So this corpus lutium is the house that's left that will keep providing its master that has left some hormone that we'll talk about later on

15:03 to continue allowing it to continue growing so that it has a chance to basically grow as a baby once it gets fertilized. Right? So just keep that in mind. This corpus lutium is the remaining shell of this follicle. Right? So now it's now called the corpus lutium. Right? And this corpus lutium will keep secretreting hormones. Right? It's almost like Batman. Batman and his home. So when Batman leaves, he still accesses his home to get these devices that help him when he's out there. Okay. So the female reproductive system if we look at it this here if we look at the female reproductive system you have obviously here you have the ovaries. So all that we saw before in here

15:51 right so this ovary right this is what you see over here right so this is a sagittal section that we're looking at this is the ovary and that ovary is connected to this frame like little fibers like fingers actually and these fingers are important because they help to sweep this egg that has popped out this egg that popped out here right it helps it to sweep it so that it could go into the fallopian tube. Folks, the idea is that that egg has to be swept eventually to come out and live in the fallopian tube over here. So that egg gets swept up right with these fingers because they have like these little sillier little fingers that sweep the

16:37 egg that has popped out and bring it right here into the fallopian tube. Now the fallopian tube also has another name called ovduct right? So please know both names. So this is ovduct and the egg gets pushed into the fallopian tube into the ovduct. Now this is the uterus. So the idea basically is that let's see if I have another image. Okay we'll go we'll we'll discuss that. Let me just give you the anatomy. So this is the fallopian tube and the fallopian tube leads to the uterus and as we know this is where the baby will grow. This is where the egg will grow in the uterus right in here. Right at the

17:23 end over here of the uterus is the cervix. Right? So when the baby grows it will tilt its head and keep hitting the cervix. Right? So that it could come out when delivery time is ready. Right? So that's when that oxytocin comes around helping this uterus to basically dilate and open up to 10 cm so the baby can come out of the cervix. Now this part of the vagina uh the tube is called the vagina right? So this tube here is the vagina and as you can see it's open and this is why this area has to be acidic because you could bring infections in right through this uh path right? So this is the vagina and as you can see it's not far off from the rectum

18:08 that releases feces. So that is why you have to keep this acidic like environment to help out. So of course people who do a lot of douching like using that alkaline um sort of vinegarized uh you know so sometimes they use this vine vinegarized solutions to wash out the area. Right? be careful how much one does it because obviously it changes the pH of the vagina and once the pH changes it might increase attraction of bacteria on the inside. Now as you can see the vagina is different from the male organ the penis because it does not share the same path with the urethra. So if you see the urethra is here. Here's the bladder for

18:55 the female which connects the urethra and the female pees out of the urethra. Whereas with the male, the urethra is connected to um the so the urethra is the site where the sperm comes out of and where the urine comes out of as well. Whereas for females these are separate. The vagina is here that brings out obviously the menstrual cycle or the baby and here the urethra is separate just for taking care of urine. On the front part here's the [ __ ] So this is the uh part that gets excited of course once it it gets engulged with a lot of blood in it right it becomes really excited and this is where um this

19:41 region once stimulated creates that orgasm or those peaks right so the [ __ ] is the site for that and then we have the labium minora and the majora but we'll look at that in detail in the other slides these are just the flaps of the vagina uh you the outside of the female genitalia. Okay. So the ovduct or the fallopian tube is what stores the eggs. So the egg gets brought into this area here in the ovduct. Right? So I want you to think of it like princess charming is sitting over here waiting for its prince which is a sperm. Right? And it's going to sit over there.

20:28 The uterus, of course, will be the one that's going to take care of the developing embryo. The vagina is where child birth will happen. Okay? There's only one egg that's secreted per month, right? So, of course, if two gets secreted, that means you increase the chance of having either twins and things like that, right? So, um there millions of sperm. So again, twins, you can have the type that's that's made from the same DNA dividing or if two eggs for example are fertilized. So there's a million of sperm that's basically ejaculated, right? That basically go as you could see with the superman, right? Uh t-shirts basically going to where the egg is. Now here only one egg enters

21:14 that egg. As you can see, this is the tail of the sperm entering the egg. Now, normally, according to some research papers I've read, it's not the first sperm that actually gets um sort of gets the bride, for example, or gets the egg. The first sperm breaks into the the egg and creates this reaction where a lot of calcium takes place and then it's the second sperm that comes in and wins because obviously the first one opened up the doors for the second sperm to come in. So if you look over here right so here's the idea as I said in the ovary the ovary secretes the egg the egg gets swift swifted or pushed into the fallopian tube by these little fingers

22:01 fres and the egg basically comes and sits or sets up shop in the fallopian tube now think of the egg like I said like a princess the egg doesn't move beyond that stage it's going to sit there and wait for the sperm to come so it doesn't meet the sperm sperm halfway and say, "Hey, I'll come and meet you here. You come here." And things like that, right? It basically makes the sperm work for its attention, for its beauty, for example, and it has to come and meet obviously the the the egg out here. So, it's almost like the sper the egg just popped out of its home and it's standing right there, right? So, this princess is standing there and the sperm has to work hard just like in life, right? Males have to pursue the female, right? So they tend to pursue the female in so many ways by chasing until they

22:47 come and meet the woman right out here. Right? So the woman doesn't make much movement just steps outside and say here I am and the sperm has to come to wherever that uh the woman has stepped outside. So I'm sure if this the the egg used to come out and hang out here most of the time some individuals may have less issues of conceiving. But because the egg refuses to move too far and just steps out and hangs out here in the fallopian tube, it requires a lot of work for the sperm to get there. And some sperm never make it there, right? So sometimes some of them are killed midway, right? Or maybe the acidity, you know, hasn't been neutralized that much. So there many many ways that or many things that stop the sperm from arriving to its destination.

23:33 The egg also secretes um a scent, right? So again, remember they could be, you know, how do you know which ovary secreted an egg? Is it this one on the left or the one on the right? Right? So clearly the one that did has to release a scent or some signal that tells the sperm, hey guys, I'm here on the left. Don't go right. Right now imagine if this egg does not secrete a scent. It means that or a fluid of some chemo kind which means it's a fluid. Courtney, can you mute your mic? It's making noise in the scent. So if the egg does not secrete a scent, it means that the sperm will lose their way and go the opposite way and find out

24:19 oopsie there's nothing here. So there could be some genetic uh problems or some individuals who have this issue where their eggs are not secretreting the um the signals telling the sperm where they are. So the sperm you have a whole batch of them 90% of them going the wrong side instead of coming to the right side or the left side. Okay. So the sperm obviously, as I said before, have a lot of mitochondria, make a lot of ATP, so they're able to whip themselves right through. And as they get closer and closer to where the sperm is, so when they get to about here, they'll start to smell some of that scent or the chemocind, and they'll follow it and basically pursue the egg, wherever the egg is. So once it gets there, basically the sperm will then fuse with the egg, right? And once it

25:07 fuses then it starts that process. Right? So again where does fertilization happen? It happens in the fallopian tube. Right? It doesn't happen here in the uterus but here in the fallopian tube because the good old princess refused to move too far away from home. So she set up shop here in the fallopian tube and that's where fertilization happens. So so here this shows you just the journey of the egg. So right here in step one the egg leaves the ovary and enters the fallopian tube as I pointed out right. So the egg gets spat out from the follicle which will remain with a name for the corpus lutium right and as it gets secreted it basically comes and

25:53 sets up shop right here. So these five these little fingers the fimray help to move it or sweep the egg into the fallopian tube. So you can imagine if these guys the little fingers are destroyed the egg will never come out there. So just think of many ways how uh conception can basically get um stopped or it can be halted if basically these pathways aren't followed or these mechanisms are destroyed. So once the egg comes out here into the fallopian tube as it sits over here the sperm comes along fuses with it as you see over here. So the sperm fuses and what does it mean when the sperm fuses? All it's doing is it's bringing its DNA, right? So the DNA that's in the sperm will fuse with the DNA of the female and together they will basically start

26:39 dividing. Right? So the egg now starts to divide and when it starts to divide right so the fertilized egg divides it starts to divide into half first hloid then it just divides again into four divides into eight right so it keeps dividing and dividing until it becomes this blastois this ball. So think of this huge hollow ball of cells because it keeps dividing and dividing. And as it's doing that, as it's dividing from two to four to eight, it's rolling. Think of it as it's rolling now right down the fallopian tube, right? And into the uterus, right? It needs to roll down. Now, why is it important that it doesn't stay here? Why did it go to the uterus? Can somebody answer that?

27:28 starts to develop. >> H >> because it starts to develop into the fetus. >> Relle, repeat that again. >> It starts developing into the fetus. >> I mean, it will. Yes. But why did it not do it here? I mean, this thing was lazy. It didn't want to move before. It hung out here all this time for the sperm to arrive and fertilize it. And then all of a sudden, now you're moving. Why? Why are you moving? So he said to develop in a fetus. So why can't it develop in a fetus over here? >> Not enough space. >> Exactly. Not enough space. Yes. And it's happened folks. It's happened in individuals who have problems where it this egg fails to roll into the uterus

28:13 and what ends up happening? The egg starts to grow in the fallopian tube. And what are the consequences of an egg that's growing into the fallopian tube? >> Ectopic pregnancy. >> Yes. topic pregnancy, correct? What happens is that there's not enough space. That means there's not going to be enough air in here, not enough oxygen, not enough nutrients. So, that egg basically will die or that, you know, and obviously it starts to grow bigger and bigger and it starts to bulge out here. It becomes dangerous because there's not enough space for that fetus to grow in this particular area. So, it has to roll into the uterus where there's more space, more food, you know, placenta is going to take place and all that stuff, right? So, it needs this new environment it's going to go into. Okay. So, that egg basically rolls into the

28:59 uterus. Hold on. I'm getting some messages. Okay. Good. Yes. Thank you, Christina. That's correct. Okay. Sandy, if you um that's fine. I know that some people can't answer because their mics are muted. Okay. So this egg basically arrives in the uterus and once it arrives there what does it do right? So what it does basically is that think of a Pac-Man right? So just like Pac-Man this egg basically this fertilized um blastoid for example this egg like Pac-Man like this comes and bites into this uterine wall.

29:45 Right? So it bites into the wall and it attaches to it. Right? And the reason why it does that basically is that it's going to feed Yeah. and get all its nutrients from here, right? And also there's something about it being attached to it because obviously you don't want it to fall out of the uterus and basically pop out, right? And there have been cases like that where individuals where this um new uh baby to be cannot attach to this uterus lining and as a result it basically pops out, right? and some it might grow to a certain stage. It gets bigger but then it wants to leave. So there are individuals I know who've had to have their u uh their cervix basically stitched or closed up to stop the

30:31 potential growing baby from falling out. Right? So they had to let it grow. But by then it had grown enough that it could get fluid and nutrients within the placenta. But when it's still small, it binds to the uterus, attaches to it so that it could get all its nutrients from there. Okay? So, it's important that it bites to it and that's where it's going to start growing as it bites into it. Okay? Okay. So, let's just clean that up. >> [snorts] >> Okay. So, trimesters. So, first

31:19 trimester usually from 0 to 12 weeks, right? So, how much what's 12 weeks in months? There's four weeks in a month, folks. >> Three months. >> Yes. Three months. Correct. Thank you such. Yes, three months and then obviously the next three months is a second trimester and the next three month three months is obviously the third trimester. So it's broken up into threes really, right? So three, three, three, nine months of pregnancy and then obviously baby gets delivered, right? So the baby grows. Okay, good. So that was an overview of a simplified version of just the process

32:04 in the egg basically getting secreted, sperm coming to fertilize it, fact that it comes all the way down here and obviously we have to roll it down. So we're going to be zooming into some of these and talking about it in the next u actual PowerPoint for the lecture, right? So I just wanted to give you an overview so you could see the skeleton of it so when we start discussing it, you would see what's actually happening. So, of course, we're going to be talking about things like once this egg comes out and this um you know ball of cells basically bites into the the uterus, how do we keep maintaining this lining, right? What is being secreted from the corpus lutium to help to maintain this lining? Things like that. So, we're going to zoom in, but I wanted to give you just a overall skeleton of where we

32:52 are, what we're doing, where we're heading kind of. Okay. So, I'm going to stop sharing this and then I'm [clears throat] going to share the next folder. >> Please, can you mute your mics? I know I um I was trying to unmute some individuals, so just make sure you mute them. Okay, now we're moving on to the actual PowerPoint chapter 28.

33:39 >> Okay. Introduction. The female reproductive system is more complex than the male system because it serves more. >> Yeah, they said what you said. >> Chen, can you please mute your mic? Okay. Make sure you >> No, I'm in class. >> Oh, okay. >> Folks, can you please mute your mics? Sim mute your mics, please. Okay, so the female reproductive system is more complex. Why is that? Because it produces and it delivers gametes. It produces and it delivers the egg. It provides nutrition and a safe harbor for

34:25 fetal development. It gives birth of course through the birth canal and also it nourishes the infant. Right? So the female system is more cyclic and hormones are secreted in a more complex sequence. Okay. So these are the learning outcomes we're going to be looking at. So we'll look at a little bit of the structure. We've already seen the structure. will trace the female reproductive tract and describe the gross anatomy. I know I showed you that already from the previous um slides made easy. Right? So, we're going to go through these learning outcomes. Okay? So, if you remember what we did last week when we looked at the male reproductive system, some of these names would be familiar, right? So, the two

35:11 sexes, the male and the female, are indistinguishable for the first 8 to 10 weeks of development. remember the pink um the pink ducts versus the blue ducts and disintegrating one of them. Right? So this is what it's talking about. So the female reproductive tracks develop from the parameidic duct or also known as the muing ducts if you remember well those were the pink lines and it's not because of estrogen. Right? So they're trying to tell you it's not because of any positive action of estrogen. It just means that we have the female reproductive system when there's an absence of testosterone and the muralin inhibiting factor. And why have this? Because if you remember

35:56 when there's a Y chromosome, the Y chromosomes obviously has a gene, this um the SR Y gene, right? So this is the one that determines the sex of the male or the female if if we're going to have a male, for example, right? So once this SR1 SRY gene is present, it produces TDF right testes determining factor if you remember and then the testes determining factor does what? It basically allows the testes to develop. And once the testes are there, clearly you're going to be making what? A male, right? And once the testes are there, it's going to secrete testosterone. And that testosterone will help with making sperm or help in making the male reproductive system. And then the muine

36:44 inhibiting factor inhibits the female system from happening like this parameic duct. Again, this is revision. We did this already, right? But they're just telling you for the female to develop, we have to have no estrogen, right? Or no muralin inhibiting factor. So if the testes are not there, they will not make these factors. So without testosterone, as I've pointed out, it's going to cause the male ducts to degenerate, the messthetheric duct, right? And then those three organs or these three parts that male that made the male parts make the female parts. So this genital tobacco uh tobacco becomes the [ __ ] right? So this becomes the

37:29 [ __ ] Whereas in the male that's what made the penis if you remember that helped in making the penis. The euroggerinda folds become the labia minora and then these labiocautral folds make the labia bajora. So what are those? Those are just so the labia majora are the outside of the female um parts the skin the external genitalia the minora is the inside. So if I had to draw it it would look like this. So this is the outside right of the female genitalia and then the in so that's the majora and then the minora is the inside the inside folds of

38:15 that right and then you'll see the vagina the vagina would be probably right in there or the hole would be right in there okay so these are the flaps basically that are there so without the muraline inhib inhibiting factors. So folks, when you see these things highlighted like this in bold, please focus on them. There's a reason why I bolded them, right? Because they'll show up on the exam. So without the uh mule inhibiting factor obviously the parabisic ducts will allow will be allowed to grow and become the female parts of um or the female organs which make the uterine tubes, the uterus and the vagina. Right? So it makes this uh like the fallopian tubes, the uterus

39:01 and the vagina. Okay. So the internal genitalia of course is everything on the inside right the ovaries the fallopian tube the uterus and the vagina. The external are the outside the clits the labia minora and the labia majora right so they occupy the perinum. Remember the perinumium what's the perinum again? Remember what I said about if a person is standing >> diamond shaped stuff, >> right? No, standing right and that little diamond between the legs. >> Yes, that little diamond between the

39:46 legs and when you're putting on weight, the little diamond tends to disappear, right? Because obviously, right, your thighs start to meet up and obviously that's uh it's taking away from this little triangular area, right? So you'll see as you lose weight and you stand in the mirror, you always notice that you have a little bit of that um triangle that's there. But as you start to put on weight, you'll notice it starts to disappear. So primary sex organs for a female, ovaries, right? And then the secondary sex organs are other internal and external genitalia. Okay. So, this is pretty much like what we saw before.

40:35 Right. So, as you saw, we had the ovaries, right? You had the frame ray. What do they do again? >> They usher the egg down the fallopian. >> That's right. Like little like little brooms, like little cilas, right? So, they usher them into the fallopian tube. So here you'll see it's also been called the uterine tube also called the fallopian tube also called the ov duct is the site where fertilization happens right and here obviously you have the uterus is where the baby will be spoke about all these other parts here's the [ __ ] then there's the mon pubis right so this is the area where the pubic hair is and so on and so forth

41:20 okay ovaries These are the female gonads that produce the eggs, right? Also called over, right? So over and they also produce the sex hormones. So what sex hormone does the ovary produce? >> Estrogen. >> Yes. Estrogen. Okay. So the ovaries are a almond shaped, right? So they this is how they look like. They're almond shaped and they're nestled in the ovarian fossa of the posterior pelvic wall. They just like the way before the uh tuna albania capsule that's what it was on the testes but for the female it becomes ov obviously the ovaries remember when we spoke last week about some of these organs when they change

42:06 into the males they make the testes part but for the female that's what made the ovaries right so they use the same tissues to make the female part but if it's in a male they'll make the male part uh let's see So the outer cortex is where the germ cell develops. Each egg developed in its own fluid fil follicle in its own home. Remember the follicles where they reside that's where the eggs will be. Ovulation basically is the bursting of the follicle and releasing of the egg. So when a woman ovulates that's what it means. That follicle bursts and it secretes the egg so that the egg can now get swept up and sent into the fallopian tube. So the ovulation is just bursting. So when you hear a woman ovulating, it just

42:53 means the egg has bursted out and it's going to position itself nicely waiting for Prince Charming to arrive in the fallin tube. So this is what we saw before, right? So here you'll see the primary the uh primodoral follicles. So these guys basically live in here. These are the ones that are stating that a colleague of mine who's doing some research is trying to see is it possible to activate some of the cells that could make these uh prim uh primodile follicles to see if they can generate more and more follicles for women who've basically run out of eggs. So as you see here from there this is what allows you could pick one of them and that's what makes the primary follicle which then evolves into

43:40 a secondary follic as you could see and then it moves to a tertiary follicle. So you can see it's just growing and growing and then finally it becomes a mature follicle right so once it becomes a mature follicle it's grown now you start to see that oite is ready to basically squirrel out or gets um spattered out so here you can see basically that that's how it gets sent out. So an ovulated follicle oite means that sorry an ovulated oite means that this has been spitted out of a follicle right so it gets spewed out and what remains is the corpus lutium right and this corpus lutium will be the shell or the home that's left behind that will

44:26 keep secretreting a hormone that's going to help this egg that has left right so again there's still um they're still helping out the eggs that um you know the egg that has exited by releasing some hormone but they only do it up to a certain stage right think of it like the royal family right now with Megan leaving right so Megan left the royal family in England are still going to help out with funding a little bit you know their security but only up to a certain stage and eventually it's going to be done they're not going to be able to continue funding they have to be on their own they have to figure out what to do right so their current state and then obviously this corpus lutium starts to get old now and then it ages to become the corpus albbeanss right so once it becomes old

45:13 like this it's going to stop secretreting the hormone progesterone right so the hormone is going to be called progesterone that it secretes it actually secretes progesterone and estrogen right pee physical education right PE it secretes progesterone and estrogen so these progesterone and estrogen once upon a time used to get secreted to help obviously this um o site right but then eventually it's going to stop so somebody has to take over with producing the hormones once they stop doing that just like the um Megan and Harry will have to start finding other means to uh fund their own security and get their own money because obviously the royal family will stop they're not going to do that anymore

45:58 right they're only going to do it for a short period of time now they get old like this they don't do it anymore so this once it goes from corpus lutium to corpus albbeans like this it will not secrete the hormone anymore it's gone old right so please know what the name is for after it's left it's become a corpus lutium when it gets old it becomes this the corpus albans right because this is going to be on the exam now the ovaries obviously are suspended right they have a ligament that lets them hang in the corner like this I mean outside and here the hairs this fibbe of the fallopian tube. This is what helps to right. So once this gets here, it's going to help to sweep it so it can go into the fallop into the uterus. Right? So this primate helps to sweep the

46:46 hairs. So these ovaries are just hanging on the side and they're suspended of course with this ligament that holds them, right? So the ovarian ligaments hold them so they can suspend them out in the open. So this is why you'll see it like this. have to draw it for you. So you see the uterus like this. That's not coming on, >> professor. >> Yes, >> I have a question. >> Yeah. >> So it is the the little homes that the egg is in. Is that where um once the egg has been dispelled then it becomes the little homes and kind of dries up and becomes the corpus ludium? >> Correct. So before they're called the follicle, right? So inside the homes are called follicles and they that's what

47:31 keeps the eggs inside there. Right? So the homes are the follicles but then once the egg comes out that follicle now gets a new name called the here right? So it's the same thing it's just shriveled up now. It doesn't have the egg inside. Can you see it looks kind of you know chunky and old and stuff like that. So that's what you call and then the cause lutium will help the egg out for a short period of time right and then afterwards obviously it that's going to stop right and then it becomes old and the reason why it's because it gets old like this right so it's no longer secretreting PE physical education which is what progesterone and >> estrogen yes progesterone and estrogen >> so in the corpus lutium in that stage

48:18 it's still releasing Yes, in this stage over here, the yellow part that looks all yellow, it's still releasing. It's when it gets old here that it stops releasing. >> Okay, >> so it stops releasing it, right? So again, this, you know, um we'll see why does it release it? Why does it keep helping the egg or releasing it like that, right? So we'll see that. Okay, so the uterine tube known as the ovduct or the fallopian tube, right? So those are the names where this is where the egg basically resides. It's a canal that's about 10 cm long from the ovary to the uterus. Right? So that's about the distance from the ovary to the uterus. So if you look at that uh you know if you look at where the ovaries are to the uterus that line is about 10

49:05 cm long. It's a muscular tube that's lined with siliated cells. Why does it have to be siliated? Why is the fallopian tube siliated? >> So that it can move facilitate movement. Yes. So it could allow that the that egg that we just saw that was fertilized to roll right down the fallopian tube so it can get to the uterus. If it's not, it's going to be stuck there. It's not going to roll. Right. So it's highly folded in longitudinal ridges. So if you look Yes. So this is what I was talking about. You see how it's suspended? It's just hanging out there the ovaries and then obviously it goes through its little path you know from primary oite to secondary to tertiary and then obviously it becomes the corpus lutium. The egg spills out of course and then this fibbre basically takes the egg

49:52 right these little fingers and they're going to help to push and I will ask you a question like who's responsible for sweeping the egg from the ovaries to the fallopian tube it's the primra okay so please know these little fingers they're very important right because they're the ones look at them over here right all spased out like that so that's what they they um you know they allow them the movement to go from there to there, right? From there to there. And then obviously you're going to have different parts of this fallopian tube. They like to give names to it. Right? So the first part here called the infidibulum, right? Remember that from from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland, we had the infidelum. >> Yeah. So here the infidelum is the first

50:38 part of the fallopian tube. And this part is large. And that's why remember the egg can sit out here, right? can come in sit here when the sperm comes in and then it's going to end up rolling it down right so the infidibulum right is the largest part of the fallopian tube so if I ask you an exam question like who's the larger part in these in the um in the fallopian tube which part of it is large it's the infendibulum right and then followed by the ampula right you can see it gets thinner so it's like a big horn you know when people uh you know when uh back in the days in uh old England England in medieval times the big horns they used to use where they would you know make noise through here and then it would pipe out the noise out there. This part is larger of the horn

51:23 and then it gets thinner and then really thin over here. So the estimas right so think of eskeeia no air for example is the thinnest part that's how I remember it right if I think of eskeeia eskeeia means when obviously you're not getting enough oxygen so this part is the thinnest part the eskee um itmas right so please know that as well so know that the largest is infendibulum followed by the ampula and then the itmas is the thinnest part okay so because there will be an question about that and then as you can see the ov ovaries obviously are hanging, right? They're suspended by those ligaments. That's what I showed you over here, right? They're suspended by the ligaments. So, these ligaments obviously allow blood vessels to come

52:09 through here to nourish these cells by doing gok by allowing them to get their glucose and oxygen, right? So, we could feed them. Anytime you see blood lines coming in, they're there to do to provide materials for go so that the the system can get its glucose and oxygen and do its gok and make water energy and carbon dioxide. Right? So again for the folks who don't know what go is glucose and oxygen gives you water, energy and carbon dioxide. It's all about cells always about cells getting energy so they could do work. Without energy you can't do work, right? That's why even for us when you're exhausted, you're tired, you don't have enough energy, you can't do work. What kind of work can you do? It's the same thing with the cells.

52:54 Now, the top part of the uterus here is called the fundus, right? Please know that word, right? So, normally, right, you could tell when a woman um you know, sometimes some uh cultures would say, "Oh, I know whether you're having a male or a female depending on how high the the belly looks." Right? So, this part here, that's how high. And sometimes this is how doctors can also tell how far along you are depending on how high the fundus is because it protrudes up more. Right? So some people could say well because uh if it's so high uh it's a male and if it's much if this thing looks lower it's a female. Right? There people there old grandmothers who will tell you this that obviously if you have a belly that's that's leading more to

53:40 the bottom it means it's a female because they think of it like a a female a girl who's spread out her legs in a well not really spread them out but has crossed her legs and sitting at the bottom whereas for the male they tend to say you have high fundus like this area is higher right so again um they usually call it outright believe it or not like most of the time when I follow up and I they usually hit it on smack on that the males tend to have a high fundus versus the females. I don't know um scientifically how that's you know how that relates to that but I think over time they probably observed it like that right but the fundus take-h home message the fundus is the top part of the uterus right that's like the the this area the bump part just the the lid or the top

54:26 part of the uterus Christina asks um do massage the fundus if the woman is hemorrhaging after after birth. Um I'm not sure but I know that normally they have to they have to try and get if >> Yes, you do. It help it stop. >> Okay. Yeah. I'm not sure. I wasn't sure about that. Yeah. But I know basically that you know obviously they have to try and find ways to to get rid of also um some of that blood. So if it helps then Yeah. Okay. So the body is over here right? So that's the body and then um when you look at the uterus itself right so this is the uterus the outside of the uterus is called the perimetium per

55:13 means around or outside right uh myo means the muscle part right so when you hear myogglobulin it's the muscle part right so the myo part is the muscular part of it and then the endometrium obviously is the inner endo means inside right so these are the three parts to it perry outside thio and then endo and everyone's heard of obviously individuals having this endometriosis. Obviously that's the inflammation or the irritation of that endomtrium and they have these horrible painful cramps when they're menrating. Right? So you have the endometriosis having providing uh problems where when it becomes um inflamed or has issues or when it starts to grow outside of the uterus.

55:58 Okay. So you also have the internal OS which is this area over here and external over there. So we'll discuss that afterwards. This is the canal of course the cervical canal. Uh what else do we need to know? Okay so this here that looks like a you know when when an angel flaps its wings up right this leafy part or this feather part that's called the broad ligament right? So these are just ligament helping to suspend or hold the fallopian tube in position and adhere it to the uterus because you don't want this thing dangling up there and there and there to the side and stuff, right? So you want it at least attached or some kind of network or cable that just keeps everything intact in one place. Otherwise, if this ovary starts to drop

56:44 to the bottom over here, then it might have the chance of disconnecting from the friier from this frium and then allowing. So that may stop these eggs from going into the fallopian tube. Right? So you want to at least keep everything intact. So these um this type of ligament structure helps to just keep everything connected or aligned. So of course you have your ovarian artery vein. Arteries bring uh take blood away from the heart. So they're going to bring it to the uterus and then veins take blood back to the heart. So after they've done their gok they'll send the blood back. Okay. So let's just look we were just breaking this into part and the reason why I started discussing it because you'll see it on our next slide is

57:29 because I like a visual so you're seeing what we're talking about. So here you go. So this is now just talking about the uterine tube, the infodoum, that's the trumpet part, the open part, right? This is the part that I was mentioning, right? So they're just going into detail of each part that I've mentioned, right? The firmra, that's the feather-like projection on the infidelum that allows you to bring obviously the egg in. The ampula is the middle and the longest part as well. So this part here is long, right? because these guys are a little bit shorter than the ampula, right? But it's obviously the second largest from the infidulum. And then finally, the narrow one is the it's it's smus, right? So think of

58:15 eskeeia, right? That's on the narrow end towards the uterus, right? So again, as you know, remember these things will roll from here to here to here to here. I mean, the egg will roll until it comes in and attaches onto the um inside the uterus. Okay. So if you look look the this is how they show you that it's obviously got this lining epithelial lining right. So this is what helps as well with the movements. They sweep it down. So the uterus is a thick muscular chamber that opens up into the roof of the vagina. It usually tilts forward over the bladder. So we saw that before. It harbors the fetus of course by providing with nutrients and it expels

59:01 the fetus at the end of development. So when it's done it's like all right good luck and sends it out excuse me. Okay. So, obviously the uterus is pear-shaped. As I said, the fundus is the top part over here. It's the broad superior curvature, right? And then the body, which is the middle part, is the the corpus. And then the cervix is at the bottom part. So, they're just showing you the top part is the fundus, the middle part is the um the corpus and then the bottom part obviously is the cervix. That's the cylindrical inferior end where the child will basically come out of the inside right inside is the lumen

59:46 right? So normally an inside of something with a hollow hole inside um that's what they call lumin roughly triangular right? So if you look at it like this, that's what they're saying. It's roughly triangular. Uh the upper two corners are openings to the uterine tubes, right? So if you can see over here, that's what they meant here. Urine tubes. The lower aex is the internal OS, right? So um it's not a hollow cavity, but a potential space in non-pregant uterus. So the cervical canal connects the lumen of the uterus to the vagina, the internal OS, right? So what is that? It's the superior opening of a canal into the body of the uterus. Whereas the external one is the inferior opening of the canal into the vagina. So they're

1:00:32 just telling you these areas. So the cervical glands, so again folks, if you see it highlight or bolded like this, right, pay attention to them because they're potential exam questions. The cervical glands basically secrete mucus that prevent the spread of microorganisms from the vagina to the uterus. Right? So this cervical gland basically helps right in stopping these microorganisms that can come from the vagina and then going into the uterus. So papsmears, right? So of course it's important to get paps smears every single year just to check and see the cells in there if they look okay. Right? So the paps smear basically looks at the

1:01:17 you know to see if one has cervical cancer. So if they scrape they can look under a microscope and look and see the tissue. So this is how the tissues look like if the cells are normal. So of course if they're malignant they start to look like this. So as you see here the manigment one the class three went too far. Okay, this here the malignant class three that's what's down here class three right so the breast protection against cervical cancer is early detection by a papsmear this is when cells are removed from the cervix and

1:02:03 the vagina and they're microscopically examined right so they use a microscope just to look and see how the tissues look like they look normal like the ones we saw before or are they malignant so there are three grades of this uh cervical tissues that you could see so if it's class one it's known as a mild dysplasia. If it's class two, basically it's going to call for a biopsy. If it's class three, it may call for radiation therapy or a hyerectomy. Then they'll have to basically see if they could remove it, right? But they'll probably try and do radiation and hysterctomy. Okay. Urine wall. Now we're going to look at the uterine wall. Perimetium, myometrium, and endometrium. So the perimetrium, again, observe the bold stuff, right? So perimetrium, the

1:02:50 external sorosa layer, right? We looked at that already. Myometrium, that's the middle part. So this middle part obviously is very important because that's where the muscle is. Remember when you have that positive feedback when a woman's trying to when a woman's going through labor, that's what's going to basically try and help to expel the fetus, right? So this myometrium consists most of the uterine wall. That's what makes the bulk of it. It's made up of smooth muscle. It sweeps down from the fundus. So from up here from the fundus right it sweeps right down right spiral around the body it's less muscular and more fibrous near the cervix right so over here near the cervix right it's less muscular there and more fibrous and then during labor contraction that's what helps to expel

1:03:37 the baby so on the top part here it's much more muscular than down here by then if the baby's you know down there I think it also could be that by the time the baby's down here you don't want too much muscle out here Because then obviously you don't want it to narrow the cavity or try and jam the baby because already if you pushed as far as the baby coming down here, you need the top part to help to push the baby out. So it produces labor constractions of course with the help of what hormone coming from the pituitary gland. Folks, this is a test. >> Oxytocin. >> Yes, oxytocin. Excellent. Right. Good. Oxytocin. The endometrium. That's the inner part now. That's the inner mucosa. right has these type of tissues a simpler a simple columina epithelium that has the compound tubilia glands and

1:04:25 a stroma populated with luccoytes macrofasages and other cells what it means basically is that it's populated with all these type of white blood cells to basically help to kill off these infections that may come about right look at the luccoytes macrofasages for example right so it lines itself up with ways that it could protect that baby when it comes about so there's the functional layer, right? So there's two layers there. The outermost part, the functional layer is superficial. It's a superficial heart. This is the one that shreds each menstrual period. Right? So folks, if you if I just go back, the way that it works basically is that the uterus always prepares the I like to call it the bedroom for the baby that's about to come, right? It's like where

1:05:10 you're going to store the baby and allow the baby to grow. You'll buy obviously all the equipment, the crib, the bed sheets and everything so that that new baby can basically grow in that area. The thing is that if let's say for example no egg gets fertilized right here there's no egg that gets fertilized it means that there's no need to keep that little nursery operating as it should because you do not want obviously this area to keep dilating a lot of oxygen a lot of ATP like a growing cancer. You don't need to do that. If a baby's there then yes that's fine. You could keep doing that. However, if there's no baby, you need to close up shop. Meaning, you need to shred or strip that lining of everything and send it out because if you leave it there also, you can encourage infection

1:05:56 because it's highly uh vasculated with a lot of blood, a lot of oxygen, a lot of go and nutrients and food ready for that growing baby. No baby, get rid of it. Right? So when that superficial lining gets shredded and um gets thrown out that is the period that's the menstrual cycle. So the menstrual cycle operates every single month because the body is anticipating a baby coming. So it sets up a crib or a nursery for that baby in anticipate in anticipation that the baby's just going to come. Right? So every month you keep making the nursery. Keep making the nursery. No baby. Get rid of the nursery. The next month make uh make the nursery. no baby, get rid of the nursery. So every month you're making a nursery, anticipating the

1:06:41 baby's going to come, but if not, you have to shred it down. And that is the menstrual cycle. It's the period that happens. So there you see here. So that functional layer. So if you look at the layers, right? So they're just showing you that the most outer layer basically is made up of this functional layer. This is the superficial half. It shreds every or it sheds every menstrual period. Whereas underneath that layer right underneath the superficial layer there's the basil layer right so strum basil and you know when we did tissues hisytologology the tissue that lays at the basement obviously is the main tissue right so these are this is the deep layer it stays behind and it regenerates a new functional layer with each menstrual cycle which makes sense

1:07:27 because you need the main layer that keeps making brand new tissue cells it's almost like our skin cell Right? We have the main layer at the bottom and we have the superficial part at the top. Right? And we always strip off the top layers. But the bottom ones will always make brand new skin. In the same sense, the basil layer keeps regenerating a new functional layer. It's almost like this layer is what makes up the nursery. And once the nursery is not there, what do we do? We shred it and it sheds off as menstrual. Period. And then the basil layer starts again. So you need the cells to divide the actual cells at the bottom to divide to make new cells and those are the ones who we shred off if the baby doesn't come. Right? So this is

1:08:13 like the home body. They're the ones who keep the original cells to make brand new cells and if these guys if the baby's not there sheds that. So during pregnancy the endometrium is the site of attachment of the embryo and forms the maternal part of the placenta. Remember the placenta will get made from the endometrium. Now remember what I said like a Pac-Man this embryo will bite into the endometrium right and that's the site of attachment from the embryo right and then from there this placenta will start getting formed around the the the fetus which will keep nourishing the fetus right so the fetus of course will keep peeing in this placenta right and as I've mentioned before we've all tasted pee in our lives

1:09:00 because when we were in our own mother's placenta we were peeing that's what made the amniotic fluid as well. The baby keeps peeing and that pee is what has all these nutrients that are in there that helps to feed that baby, right? It creates a cushion as well around the baby in the placenta and then the placenta obviously adheres to the inner part of the uterus, right? And it comes out of course afterwards when we're done with it. So if you look at it like this, right? So if you the functional layer of the endometrium so if you look the surface area is what will shred afterwards or shed with and then that that's what makes the um the menstrual uh period.

1:09:46 Okay. So this is how the uterus looks like in everyday life right in real life it looks like that. Not as pretty as this image right they make this image look really really pretty but this is how it looks like. Okay, the vagina. So the vagina is the birth canal, right? It's 8 to 10 cm, you know, muscular tube. It allows for discharge of menstrual fluid. It receives the penis during sexual intercourse and the semen. And it's also the canal that helps with um you know allows obviously the baby to exit out of it. Right? So after the baby leaves the

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