0:04 [music] So next we move on to the next trace mineral called copper. According to World Health Organization, copper is an another uh trans mineral that serves as a catalytic co-actor for numerous metalo enzymes which is involved in iron metabolism, antioxidant defense, connective tissue synthesis, neurotransmitter production and energy metabolism. The total body content of copper includes 75 to 100 mg in adults which is the highest in liver, brain, kidney and
0:49 heart. The blood level of uh serum copper includes 70 to 140 mgram per deciliter. The transport of copper is bound to cerillopplasmine where about 95% in the blood also called as feroxidase is also bound to co albamin which is a transport form. A storage form includes liver is the primary storage organ also metalion bound in liver. The deficiency of copper includes men's disease which is also referred to as a genetic copper deficiency which leads to kinky hair, neurological deterioration, anemia and bone abnormalities. The toxicity includes Wilson's disease which is also referred to as genetic copper
1:36 accumulation with regard to liver cerosis neurological damage clasure fleure rings in the eyes is being observed. The mechanism of uh dietary copper includes in variety of ways which is uh absorption is uh taking place in the small intestine and in the liver it's a primary copper metabolism uh organ and [snorts] uh copper is being uh carried out by various uh blood cells and if you see the key enzyme action of copper is based basically with regard to the four uh things. First is the cerillopplasmine where it is being carried out by the feroxidase cytochrome c oxidase complex
2:24 lizel oxidase and uh carbon copper zinc super oxide dismutase. So these are the major ways where copper plays an important role. The functions of copper include uh with regard to various aspects where you can see cerillopplasmine is a copper containing enzyme that oxidizes the ferrristopheric for binding to transferin without copper ion transport is being impaired. Similarly, it's a component of copper zinc superoxide dismutase which protects the cells from superoxide free radicals. Similarly, it is also required for energy production as a part of cytochrome C oxidase in the
3:10 electron transport chain. Lizal oxidase a copper dependent enzyme. It has a cross link with collagen and elastin maintaining the strength and integrity of skin, bone and blood vessels. Dopamine beta hydroxilase is an another copper enzyme that converts the dopamine to norepinephrine during neurotransmitter synthesis. Tyrrosin is is a copper containing enzyme that converts thyroin to melanin for normal skin and hair pigmentation. Copper is also essential for normal thyroid production, protein synthesis and metabolism. The bioavailability of uh copper includes 25 to 60%age is absorbed via
4:00 Yeah. uh is absorbed via uh enhanced by acidic pH and adequate protein. It is inhibited by excess zinc which is most important. High iron, vitamin C in excess and fitates also will have a problem. Animal sources are more bioavailable than plant sources. So coming to the toxicity of copper, it's also referred to as Wilson's disease which is the acute copper toxicity from contaminated water, nausea and uh vomiting, liver damage is all being observed in this particular condition. Excess zinc supplementation is the most common cause of copper deficiency.
4:46 The food sources of copper includes beef liver with highest being 14.3, oysters with 4.85 mg per 100 g, cesm seeds, cashew nuts, sunflower seeds, ground nuts, whole wheat and dark chocolates being in the next level. So when we talk about copper the deficiency leads to men's um disease and toxicity leads to we just saw about the toxicity which is the Wilson's disease. Next we move on to the next trace mineral which is called as the manganesees. Manganese is an essential trace mineral that functions as a co-actor and activator for numerous enzymes involved
5:33 in antioxidant defense, bone formation, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism and also cholesterol synthesis. So if you see about the total body content about 10 to 20 mg is highest in bone, liver, kidney and pancreas. transport is bound to trans manganine which is present in the blood. The deficiency of manganine is very rare and it could lead to skeletal abnormalities, impaired reproductive function, glucose intolerance and the toxicity includes manganism which leads to occupational inhalation of manganesees dust, Parkinson like neurological symptoms. The major functions of manganesees
6:18 include uh the component of manganesees. It's a major component of uh manganesees super oxide dismutase in mitochondria protecting cells from reactive oxygen species. They activates glycosal transferase required for proteoglycan synthesis in bone and cartilage for formation. It functions as a co-actor for pyroate caroxilase and mitochondrial manganese superoxid dismutase in energy metabolism. They are a co-actor for argines in ura cycle converting the arginine to ornithine and ura. They also activates the melonate kynise in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. So if you see manganesees forms a major co-actor in various enzymes which is
7:05 linked to the biochemistry also it is required as a co-actor for uh the enzyme involved in gluconneioenesis and also in the glucose metabolism. So coming to the um mechanism dietary manganesees is absorbed in the small intestine which is about 5% only and they are then transported to mitochondria and if you see there are only two ways which is the manganese superoxide dismutase which is happening in the mitochondria and it's called as a mitochondrial antioxidant [snorts] and argines via the ura cycle where the ornithan process is here where arginines is uh dependent or manganesees. So our ornithine and ura is getting uh excreted
7:53 over there. UA is excreted in the urine. Uh and that's the major component of component in the nitrogen removal from the body. So bioavailability only 5% is absorbed uh lowest of all the trace minerals. So if you see the absorption is very low. It is inhibited by calcium, iron and phitates. The plant foods are primarily the sources despite the low bioavailability. The food sources of manganesees includes cloves which is the highest in manganesees which is about 60.1 mg per 100 g, ragi which is a finger millet which has about 5.5. brown rice, whole wheat, pineapple, spinach, ground nuts
8:39 and tea forms the next uh levels. So, manganese deficiency is rare and toxicity is also not much. So, next we move on to the next trace mineral called chromium. Chromium is an uh trivalent uh cation and it's a essential trace mineral that potentiates the action of insulin and is involved in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. It is required in microgram amounts and it functions by enhancing the insulin receptor signaling. So if we talk about chromium, it is present in less than 6 mg in adults and this decreases with age. And the active
9:27 form includes chromolene uh which is low molecular weight chromium binding substance and the deficiency includes impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, elevated blood lipids. Also the toxicity includes trivalent chromium, non-toxic, exavalent chromium which is in the industrial uh composition. So they may be carcinogenic and toxic as well. The functions of chromium include uh insulin potentiation. Chromodolin enhances the insulin receptor thyroin kynise activity thereby improving the insulin signaling and increasing the glucose uptake into cells. glucose metabolism. Uh it
10:13 improves the insulin sensitivity and helps reduce fasting blood glucose levels as well as HP A1C which is the 3 months uh average levels of glucose and is especially in individuals with type 2 diabetes. uh co chromodelin is also uh helping in the lowering of uh LDL cholesterol which is a bad cholesterol and triglycerides and they may contribute to an increase in good cholesterol which is the HDL cholesterol levels. Chromium supports the insulin mediated amino acid uptake into cells aiding in the protein synthesis and utilization. This particular chromium will enhance the insulin action. Chromodulin may
11:00 promote lean body mass and reduce the fat accumulation. [snorts] The mechanism of uh action in chromium involves in two ways. One is a dietary chromium and the other one is insulin potentiation. Uh dietary chromium is absorbed in small intestine and gets transported via binding to the transferin. They enter the cells and binds the upper chromodelin and then it gets activated as chromodelin. When there is a low chromium levels impaired insulin receptor signaling happens that reduces the glucose uptake thereby insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes risk is being evolved. Similarly, if you see in insulin
11:46 potentiation, insulin binds the insulin receptor and the chromium binds the activated insulin receptor here in the second step and this amplifies the receptor um pyroin kynise activity and this will enhance the glute 4 uh transllocation if you see. So thereby glucose enters the cells and the blood glucose gets decreased. So this is how it is uh taking place with regard to chromium chromodelin activates. So the bioavailability is very low just like manganesees this is also low and 0.4 to 2.5%age from food and it is enhanced by vitamin C and nascin that gets reduced
12:32 by phitate and antacids. Chromium absorption decreases significantly with age. The toxicity uh as such uh dietary chromium has no known toxicity and no upper limit is established. Industrial chromium is supposed to be carogenic causing the lung cancer and renal damage and it's entirely different from dietary chromium food sources. So as such chromium deficiency could impair lead to uh insulin resistance and the glucose u metabolism. The toxicity not much of toxicity is observe present here. The food sources include broccoli which is topping uh in the list with 11 m
13:18 whole wheat bread, barley, grape juice, beef, orange juice, green beans and red wine uh coming in the next levels. Next we move on to the last trace mineral called selenium. Uh according to the world health organization selenium is an essential trace mineral which is incorporated into selenoproins as a amino acid selenosysteine in the 21st amino acid. Uh it is a critical component of antioxidant defense systems thyroid hormone metabolism immune function and reproductive health. The total body content of selenium is about 13 to 20 mg in adults which is highest in the thyroid, testice and liver, kidney and muscles. The unique feature of this particular mineral is in
14:04 is incorporated into proteins a specific amino acid called theelocysteine which is genetically encoded. The selenop proteins are about 25 known human selenoproins including GPX which is the glut glutathione peroxidase uh with thyroid dredoxin reductase and deiodonase. The deficiency of selenium includes uh disease with cardiomyopathy in children's disease uh with osteoarthropathy described in the selenium deficient areas of China and uh the soil dependency includes like selen selenium content of food is entirely dependent on the so soil and uh regional variation is enormous in India the selenium
14:50 deficiency is common in parts of uh various places where there is low selenium soil content. The functions of selenium includes uh few which includes uh the antioxidant defense, thyroid hormone metabolism, immune function and male fertility. Antioxidant uh mechanism as defense. Selenium is a key component of glutathione peroxidase which detoxifies hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroparoxides. It works synergistically with vitamin E to protect cells from oxidative damage and selenium is required for selenoproin diodonasis that convert thyroxine into the active hormone triodyonin and the deficiency impairs thyroid
15:37 functions. Uh the immune function is being enhanced by the activity of natural killer cells and tlymphocytes. Selen selenium deficiency is associated with increased viral mutation uh rates and greater pathogenicity. Male fertility uh selenium dependent proteins like selenoprotein P and GPX protects the sperm from oxidative damage supporting the normal sperm motility and morphology. So talking about the mechanism dietary selenium is being absorbed in the small intestine and in the liver it gets synthesized as selenoproin. If you see selenocyine is also being synthesized
16:22 and that's how it is being activated. Similarly the mechanism was one is about the glutathione peroxidase and selenium and the mechanism is two in the thyroid deionase and mechanism three is to do with the uh triox trioxin reductase. The bioavailability of selenium is very important. There are different forms like selenomethionine which is 90% absorbed from plant foods. non-specific incorporation into proteins. Selenosysteine is 50 to 60%age absorbed from animal foods. The soil dependency includes bioavailability and food content which is entirely dependent on regional soil selenium levels and uh the
17:10 adequate protein intake uh of uh the bo from the body diet will enhance the selenium absorption as well. Vitamin C and E will reduce the selenium oxidation. Similarly, high heavy metals like mercury will bind with selenium and will reduce absorption and even fiotates will reduce the selenium absorption. The toxicity of selenium includes selenosis which is uh when we talks about acute it is causing nausea, vomiting, garlic odor on breath which is also referred to as dimethile selenide and even hair loss is observed. Chronic conditions include selenosis like brittle nails, hair loss, alopeescia,
17:55 garlic breath, peripheral neuropathy, skin lesions. Severe levels include liver cerosis, pulmonary edema, cardiac failure. The most common cause of uh uh toxicity includes uh selenium contaminated drinking water or soil high in high selenium areas. The food sources of selenium includes Brazil nuts which is the top in the list with,970 mg per 100 gram, tuna which is canned uh sardines, chicken cooked eggs, whole wheat, sunflower seeds, milk, cow's milk are all in the coming list. So having uh observed and uh gone through the micro
18:42 minerals and the macro minerals I would like to conclude that most of the time when we consume these inadequate food that is balanced diet itself will meet about all these trace minerals and major minerals. If we are having a deficiency, our body will show as an indication. Definitely when there is a low levels of any particular mineral or vitamin there [snorts] will be an indication. So we may have to have a higher demand for that particular nutrient. So thereby iron, iodin and zinc are essential for oxygen transport, thyroid function and immunity. While copper, manganese, chromium and selenium support the enzyme activity, antioxidant and metabolism.
19:29 Adequate intake as per ICMR RDA is crucial crucial as both deficiency and excess can impair health. Overall, these trace minerals are vital for maintaining the metabolic balance and overall well-being. Thank you. Happy learning. >> Trace minerals or micro minerals are inorganic elements. But how do such tiny quantities control your largest biological systems? Eat a spinach leaf and a microscopic dose of iron extracts directly into your bloodstream. Your body can't manufacture these nutrients, so every single one must be harvested from your diet. The defining threshold is tiny. You need less than [music] 100 mg of each per day. Because this margin
20:15 is so small, both deficiency [music] and toxic excess cause severe health consequences. They survive this tight margin [music] by acting as specialized biological keys. Iron builds hemoglobin in your red blood cells to transport oxygen. [music] Zinc plugs into immune cells to trigger wound healing. Copper regulates that iron metabolism while maintaining your nervous system. In the endocrine system, iodine [music] drives thyroid hormone production. Selenium drops in to power your cellular antioxidant defense. And chromium manages your glucose and insulin metabolism. Manganese and malibdinum plug [music] in as essential enzyme co-actors while fluoride structurally mineralizes your bones and teeth. Your demand for these
21:00 elements fluctuates [music] based on age, sex, and health status. So keeping this internal balance requires a consistently varied diet. [music] So, while they're needed in microscopic amounts, these nine trace minerals collectively sustain your blood, immunity, metabolism, and [music] bone. Exhausted, heart racing, and breathless from a simple flight of stairs. [music] Your body feels like it's suffocating because your internal oxygen delivery network is quietly breaking down. The root cause is iron. Your body uses it to build the specific protein that carries oxygen to your tissues. That vital oxygen carrying building block is called hemoglobin. Without [music] enough iron, hemoglobin production halts. Your red blood cells shrink, turn pale, and drop
21:46 their oxygen [music] payloads. This starvation kicks in when your body's iron drain outpaces your diet. It's triggered by heavy menstrual bleeding, the demands of pregnancy, or a poor [music] diet. As tissues suffocate, your system struggles. Your heart pumps furiously to compensate for the missing oxygen, leaving you utterly exhausted. Inner eyelids turn pale, nails become brittle and spoon-shaped, and craving ice called pah. To reverse this, load your plate with iron dense meats, lentils, and dark greens. But here's the biological hack. Eat vitamin C rich citrus alongside [music] plant-based iron to multiply cellular absorption. Supply the right ingredients and the chain restarts. turning dietary iron
22:32 into hemoglobin [music] and hemoglobin into lasting energy that cures your exhaustion. How does missing [music] just one trace mineral physically break down your body's maintenance systems? Without zinc, your cells lose the basic ability to defend and rebuild. Take an everyday skin cut that takes forever to close. To seal that wound, your body relies on specialized [music] cellular machines, enzymes, to synthesize new tissue. Zinc acts as the essential key to turn these machines on. With adequate zinc, these enzymes [music] activate. They rapidly multiply skin and immune cells to bridge the gap. But if your [music] zinc supply drops from a poor diet or gut issues, the process halts. The repair materials are present, but the assembly mechanism is broken. Without zinc, cellular
23:19 division stalls and immune cells become sluggish. The wound remains physically open and vulnerable for much longer. This halted cellular reproduction is a systemic failure. This same inability to build cells triggers [music] hair shedding, rashes, and frequent infections. The fix, a varied diet of oysters, meats, beans, and seeds. This floods your system with the missing keys, reactivating the dormant machines. And that lingering cut, the cells divide, the gaps heals, and the skin is. Selenium [music] is an essential trace mineral that powers your body's antioxidant defense, immunity, and thyroid. Watch what happens when you eat it. The mineral travels down [music] into your cells and physically builds your protective antioxidant enzymes. But
24:06 when you don't get enough, that microscopic shield disappears. This leaves your [music] cells exposed to constant molecular damage called oxidative stress, which immediately disrupts normal thyroid [music] function. The main causes poor soil, very low dietary intake, severe intestinal malabsorption, or long-term medical feeding. Without this cellular protection, your entire body begins to physically break down. You'll experience profound fatigue, muscle weakness, and a visibly struggling thyroid. Prolonged deficiency triggers severe systemic threats starting with the collapse of immune defenses and dangerous heart muscle degradation leading [music] to a critical condition known as keshan disease. To fix this, eat seafood, meat and poultry, dairy or whole [music]
24:52 grains, and Brazil nuts, though their selenium content can vary wildly. Maintain a diverse diet rather than relying on one food and manage any underlying gut issues. But avoid extreme highdose supplements because toxic excess is also harmful. So that single microscopic missing trace mineral that you might completely overlook on your everyday dinner plate, it is the essential invisible foundation holding up your entire cellular [music] defense network, your healthy thyroid and your beating heart. How does a microscopic [music] trace mineral control your entire body? Manganesees might be tiny, but [music] without it, massive biological systems crash. It acts like a literal key for specific enzymes. When manganese [music] locks in, it activates bone building and energy processing. But
25:40 without that [music] key, enzyme activity stalls and normal development drops. This blockade usually happens from severe dietary restrictions, intestinal malabsorption, or long-term unsupplemented IV nutrition. The physical cascade is severe. Stalled enzymes trigger weakened bones, crushing physical fatigue, unexpected mood changes, and delayed wound healing. But safely replacing this mineral is tricky. Isolated supplements aren't the best primary defense. The natural fix is a plant-rich diet. Whole grains, nuts, legumes, leafy greens, and pineapple deliver these missing keys. from food to enzymes to activated metabolism. When the [music] chain works, your bones stay strong and your energy steady. Because a
26:25 very diet [music] naturally supplies these keys every day, severe manganese deficiency remains incredibly rare in [music] health. Fluoride prevents dental carries by strengthening your tooth enamel. But what happens without it? Look at a healthy tooth cross-section. That bright outer shield is your fluoride protected enamel. Everyday, oral bacteria mix with sugar from your food to produce acid. Without enough fluoride, your enamel loses its ability to fight off this constant attack. This deficiency usually comes from low fluoride drinking [music] water, a diet lacking fluoride, or skipping fluoride toothpaste. Back [music] inside the tooth, demineralization begins. Minerals dissolve out, leaving microscopic, [music] painless white spots. Because there's no pain yet, your tooth's structural [music] defense is secretly failing
27:11 without you feeling it. Eventually, the acid burns completely through the enamel and hits the softer inner layer. This layer contains tiny tubes that lead straight to your nerves. [music] It's called the dentin. The decay hollows out this area, forming a deep cavity. And suddenly, a cold drink or hot meal triggers sharp shooting tooth sensitivity. To safely restore that shield, brush with fluoride toothpaste, consume fluoridated water or [music] tea, and get dental checkups. Just make sure to balance your intake because excessive fluoride can cause its own problems. Ultimately, this is a continuous battle of mineralization. Fluoride ensures strong enamel [music] and fewer cavities while low exposure guarantees structural weakness. Fluoride prevents [music] dental carries by strengthening your tooth enamel. But what happens without it? Look at a
27:57 healthy tooth cross-section. That bright [music] outer shield is your fluoride protected enamel. Everyday, oral bacteria mix with sugar from your food to produce acid. Without enough fluoride, your enamel loses its ability to fight [music] off this constant attack. This deficiency usually comes from low fluoride drinking water, a diet lacking fluoride, or skipping fluoride toothpaste. [music] Back inside the tooth, demineralization begins. Minerals dissolve out, leaving microscopic, painless white spots. Because there's no pain yet, your tooth's structural defense is secretly failing without you feeling it. Eventually, the acid burns completely through the enamel and hits the [music] softer inner layer. This layer contains tiny tubes that lead straight to your nerves. It's called the dentin. The decay hollows out this area, forming a
28:43 deep cavity. And suddenly, a cold drink or hot meal triggers sharp [music] shooting tooth sensitivity. To safely restore that shield, brush with fluoride toothpaste, consume fluoridated water or tea, and get dental checkups. Just make sure to balance your intake because excessive fluoride can cause its own problems. Ultimately, this is a continuous battle of mineralization. Fluoride ensures strong enamel and fewer cavities, while low exposure guarantees structural weakness. Chromium is [music] a trace mineral famous for insulin potentiation. But why does your body need it? [music] Without it, insulin struggles to regulate the energy you get from food. Let's follow a single glucose molecule from your last meal [music] trying to enter a body cell. Normally, insulin binds to the receptor on the
29:28 outside of the cell. Inside, chromium acts as the essential sidekick that fully activates the signal, allowing the glucose channel to open so fuel can rush in. But if you're severely deficient in chromium, this mechanism completely breaks down. Insulin still binds to the cell, but the internal signal fails, [music] leaving the glucose store firmly shut. Because it's blocked from entering, glucose dangerously builds up in the bloodstream. This comes [music] from extreme malnutrition, long-term IV feeding, or severe medical conditions. The physical results mimic diabetes, your blood sugar spikes, you suffer rapid weight loss, and dangerous neurological confusion. Luckily, prevention is easy. Just eat whole grains, broccoli, meat, and eggs.
30:16 Routine dietary supplements are completely unnecessary [music] for a balanced diet. With enough chromium, that one glucose molecule easily gets absorbed to power your body. So despite [music] its critical role in glucose metabolism, true chromium deficiency remains incredibly rare.
