0:00 We went to the moon to explore the moon and looked over our shoulder and we discovered Earth for the first time. Oceans land clouds no colorcoded countries. In my cynical old age, I'm reflecting back realizing that the point of that was to tell us who our enemies were and who our friends were geopolitically. Why else are you going to take something as beautiful as a planet and colorcode it and cut it up and teach that to little children? What's that about? Space changed that. NASA changed that. I always love talking to Neil deGrasse Tyson because he never gets sucked into the political moment of today. He always brings it back to big
0:46 ideas. Zoom out, see the big picture. And I think that's beautiful because these days it's easy for our perspective to shrink down to the size of a cell phone, which makes it refreshing. You know what? I'm going to say it's crucial to talk to someone whose perspective incorporates all of space and time. So, I take every chance I get to talk to Neil because my man is constantly dropping bars. Our worst nightmare is that we meet aliens who are just like us. It's not good enough to be right. You also have to be effective. The lowest form of evidence in the court of science is eyewitness testimony. >> Clean up. Clean up. Everybody do your share. Everybody everywhere. Of course. Yeah. Yeah. >> I hung out with chat NDT to talk about UFOs, horoscopes, and to basically play tangent traffic cop because this convo
1:34 went everywhere. >> You ready for this? It'll take me 3 minutes. No, I have to say something else. Go ahead. >> I forgot to mention, by the way, by the way, by the way, oh, by the way, and by the way, oh, by the way, so, so, so, >> oh, by the way. >> Yeah. In honor of Neil's book, Just Visiting This Planet, he took a few questions from real kids in character as Merlin. And we gave him a hat in post because putting a hat on people in post is very funny. It's a classic bit. Just admit it. It's hilarious. >> Let's get serious. >> Let's get serious. Let's talk about what everyone is talking about on the internet, which is weird health advice or UFOs.
2:22 >> Weird health advice given by people who have no medical training. >> Of course. >> Yes. >> Brought to you by Google. Recently, the House Oversight Committee held hearings about unidentified >> anomalous phenomena. >> Yes. >> I'm talking about UAPs. You got it. Not to be confused with UTI. >> What is your assessment of all this UAP stuff? >> Do you have a more specific question than that? >> Well, there's floating orbs. There's the floating triangles. What is going on? >> Uh, just remember what the U stands for. >> What's it stand for? >> Unidentified. >> We're done here. You don't know what it is. So, you can't not know what it is and then in the next sentence declare you know what it is. You just say you don't know what it is. In science, we celebrate the unknown. The German poet
3:10 Reer Maria Rilkkey in his book, Letters to a Young Poet, I'm going to mangle it a little bit. I'm not a poem memorizer, so forgive me, but goes something like, "Be at peace with all that stirs within your heart. Learn to love the questions themselves." >> Wow. As a scientist, we hack our way to the edge of what is known, peer out into the unknown, and that's what attracts us. >> Are you a Sufi saint? >> So, so >> you're a whirling dervish. >> When we find something that's unknown, it's reason to do more research. It's not reason to arrive at a conclusion that or you are sure is true right after you just said it's unknown.
3:56 >> Yes. >> So, that's my first comment. >> Okay. Second, have you seen images taken by the James Web Space Telescope? >> No. >> Highly detailed images of gas clouds thousands of light years away. Images of galaxies at the beginning of the universe and you can zoom into them. We can do all of this across the universe with our greatest telescopes. And you really going to tell me that your best evidence for visiting aliens is a fuzzy tic tac on monochromatic screen taken in restricted airspace by a military pilot in our own freaking atmosphere? That's your best image? Like really? Okay, now we have AI making videos. It's going to be hard to use a video as evidence. So what we really need, fork up the alien. Until then, we we're steeped in wishful
4:44 thinking. wishful thinking that what you see and don't know and don't recognize is a visiting alien from outer space. >> Well, let's listen TO WITNESS TESTIMONY. >> NO, >> can we take a look for Let's listen to the hearing. This is what I'm saying is funded by our tax dollars. >> Two more things, >> okay, >> before you go to this thing. >> I'm going to C-SPAN. This is a real thing. I look I know it looks like it was recorded on VHS, but this is a real network. >> The lowest form of evidence in the court of science is eyewitness testimony. And not only do scientists know this, psychologists know this, but we are somehow trained from TV or wherever else that I need a witness in the courtroom, right? Somehow the witness has all the answers and has the precision of objective truths in their delivery. We
5:30 know that that's not the case. All right? A person isn't lying if they don't know they're lying. Point is, the number of people who have seen UFOs is huge. I don't have a problem with that. Keep reporting it. Go right ahead. >> Okay. >> I'm waiting for someone to bring forth an alien. Let me say it another way. >> Okay. >> If we were being visited by aliens from space. >> Yes. >> When we have six billion smartphones in the world capable of taking high resolution photos and videos. Sure. And billions of photos are uploaded to the internet every day. Millions of hours of video. We have a million people airborne at any given moment with a window looking out into the atmosphere.
6:17 >> Okay? And nobody >> has a high resolution image of either a flying craft or a UF or or an alien itself. So I so I need you to bring the alien into town into into Time Square >> into Time Square. You want it in Manhattan. But maybe they're already there. Neil, >> sorry, not Times Square. We need a We need a place that does not attract crazy people. Neil, >> I'll do you one better. I'll get you evidence in Midtown. Have you heard of Enigma? >> The app called Enigma. >> No, but one of the first computers was Enigma. Was called Enigma. >> Well, this app is called Enigma, and it's basically Yelp for UFOs. >> I want to get your thoughts about UFOs that have been spotted >> right here in Manhattan. Please bring up bright light hovering erratic above Time
7:04 Square per your request. >> No, I I want the alien, not the lights, but go on. >> Love Time Square. >> Take a picture out of car window NYC and look at photos afterwards in weird light in multiple photos. Cannot make out what they were. Many of the same sightings have been reported on this site. Exclamation point. Unexplained exclamation point. No, this is not a tweet from Donald Trump on Truth Social. This was uploaded and there's been two other witnesses. >> So, where's the bright light? This is above time square. Computer enhance. Computer enhance. >> I can see the aliens because there we agreed earlier in our conversation that they're naturally fuzzy.
7:51 >> So you're making fun of me. >> I don't know what that is. We should, >> you know, get a net and bring it in. >> Okay. figure out how to do that. That's what a scientist would do. >> You're making fun of uh this upload because it's in 240p. Computer, please pull up video evidence, please. This is large silver disc coverage. >> Do you have to say that please twice to the computer? >> I try to be nice to both animate and inanimate objects. >> Okay, got it. >> Play video computer. >> How fast this thing is going. Yeah, >> that looks like a a reflection internal to the camera. Because every time the camera jiggles, it jiggles. When the camera's stationary, it's not moving. So, yeah, I remain. You see that? See
8:37 how it's moving with the camera? >> Incredibly fast. That's the terrifying >> because But when the camera is not moving, it's not moving. So, that's looks like an internal reflection to the lens. >> You're saying Oh, yeah. I've been doing photography my whole life, like since I was 11. >> And there's a lot of photographic artifacts. Yeah. artifacts as in things that don't belong in the photo that the lens the film back then film but even CCD chips they're defects they're so things that can happen in the camera and if you don't know that then you'll try to interpret that as something that's actually in your image there are surely other cases that I can't explain so trivially as that but that one is pretty obvious that's you move the camera the thing do you do it again camera stationary it just sits there I'm just saying I need better evidence
9:22 >> okay then let's listen to the house oversight committee. Let's take a look. >> And you want me to use their eyewitness testimony as ev standby for weather and I returned to my barracks on base and at approximately 0130 I saw an approximately 100 ft equilateral triangle take off from near the NASA hanger on the base. The craft interfere with my telephone, >> did not have any sound, and the material it was made of appeared fluid or dynamic. I was under this triangular craft for a few minutes and then it rapidly ascended to commercial jet level in seconds displaying zero kinetic disturbance sound or wind displacement. >> Cool. >> What do you make of that? >> It's a mystery. >> Okay, >> it's a mystery. By the way, it would be
10:08 helpful if we had other measurements of that object that could verify that it actually went to aircraft level, that it was actually the size that he says. Uh these are things that typically we will misinterpret. It's very hard to judge the distance to something for which you have no prior understanding of what it is. An airplane, you know, if it's tiny, it's far away. If it's big, it's close up. We know how big airplanes are. So your brain can can assess that distance. >> Yes. >> With some reliability. Yes. But if he's seeing a big old triangle, that's that's weird. How you >> liquidy liquidy triangle, right? Exactly. and it messed with his >> he says to to aircraft heights. I'm curious how he made that measurement just as an example. It'd be nice to have
10:53 more data surrounding that observation so that we don't have to just listen to his testimony. We just look at data rather than listen to people report what they think they saw. >> Love that. We do need more data. Let's look at this clip again. Let's not add sound. There is data that does prove there are >> proved. There's no proof here. There's evidence for evidence for evidence not. Yeah. Proof is is a mathematical thing. >> Oh, like a math proof. >> Yeah. Yeah. Try to not use the word proof. We don't we don't generally use it in science either. >> Scratch that. >> Yeah. Just show me the evidence that supports it and then I'm good. >> Okay. Well, guess what, Neil? Here's some hard evidence. Go. >> Love it. Bring >> Let's take a look. Let's run this on mute. Let's look at these two people that we've circled here in red. Neil,
11:41 >> those aren't people. >> Yeah, those are aliens for sure. >> Bingo. >> Yeah, totally. >> Those are aliens in human suits. >> Yeah, I agree. I I have to agree. They're Yeah. And they're they're spies in the hearings to try to make sure not enough information outs them for. You know what that is? That's like in Men in Black. Was it the second first or second one? Which one? First one. first one where they have the the they're tracking where all of the aliens are. Correct. And it's a big secret to everybody, of course. And each person who's like, we know these people, they're celebrities and things, but there's celebrities who just look a little odd. >> Correct. >> Just something about them that's not quite >> I've been to the Met Gala.
12:27 >> It's just, you know, who was on there? Michael Jackson was on there. >> Sure. Zed, what about that position you promised me in Men in Black? still working on the alien affirmative action program. I'll keep you posted. >> Look, I think there's both a scientific analysis here, but there's also a psychological analysis here. But human beings have a deep fascination with aliens. Visav, how advanced they are and how friendly they are. >> Did you say visav? >> Yeah. >> Really? Okay. That's very >> Let's take a look at this on the X and Y axis cuz I really broke this down. >> Oh, >> let's throw this down. Okay. So, the aliens here can either be very dumb to smart to very peaceful to hostile. Everything that we've seen in pop culture is somewhere along this line. >> No, no. In in movies other than ET, they're all smart and hostile. So you put a dot up in the upper corner. >> Precisely. I call that Predator. Hostile and smart. Boom.
13:13 >> Predator. >> Predator. Predator. As shown in the film series, correct? Yes. But it bleeds. >> Yeah. >> So we can kill it. That was perhaps the most brilliant line ever uttered in a science fiction film >> cuz you don't know if you have any effect on it at all. >> Correct. If it bleeds, we can kill it. Yeah. Okay. >> Versus the chupacabra, jin, ghosts, and other other worldly things. >> I forgot all about the That's a South American creature >> that no one's seen, but everyone believes is there. >> You know, let me just tell you how I feel about the undead. I do respect them. I acknowledge them and I stay away. One of the guests that they wanted to have come on the show said they were going to do a tarot card reading. I said, I don't with that >> That's spooky. Tarot card readings are spooky. >> Precisely. Okay. By the way,
13:59 >> yes, >> YouTube called me up and asked me I want if I wanted to be a tarot card and but I agreed. >> There are multiple tarot cards that referred to cosmic things. We designed one with me in it. But the that the catch was on the other side were YouTube links to content that I and my podcast have put online. You get in through the territory. >> So you wanted to be the pipeline from the fringe to science. >> Exactly. Because how else am I going to reach you if you're a tarot card person and don't otherwise have access to science, >> right? >> So somewhere on the line you can find a tarot card with me. >> Okay. >> So I'm not totally fearsome of them, but I do own a few sets and they're of course stored in silk. You know, you
14:45 have to, you know, the rituals. >> God behind. >> If we were in my office, I'd reach for it and I'd >> Don't Please don't. Please don't. Please don't. Please don't. Again, it's a it's a polite. We'll get you on my Can I get you on my I'm on your podcast four times in the twice. Twice. Twice. Twice. Hard evidence. Let's do hard evidence, please. So, let's go back to smart and hostile. We got predator. We have peaceful and smart. >> Shouldn't there be lines getting plotted here or dots? >> We'll do that in post. >> Oh. Oh, I got it. >> So, then we have hostile and dumb, and that's small, mean hamsters. Then we have peaceful and dumb, and those are just regular hamsters. Where do you think we are if the aliens were to come visit? >> What do I think the aliens would be? Or what are we to the aliens? >> Both. >> Okay. All of our tropes regarding hostile aliens, >> yes, >> are not based on any actual knowledge.
15:31 They're instead based on actual knowledge how we know we would behave in the presence of a civilization with lesser technology than ourselves. So, I have no recourse but to declare that all portrayals of hostile aliens are mirrors to ourselves. >> It really is like AI. These large language models and social media is a reflection of ourselves. >> For all we know, aliens are the most peaceful things ever. But we are violent against other members of our own species if we have higher technology than they do. The history of exploration and colonization has shown. Either they are
16:18 exterminated, enslaved, somehow reduced to lesser um personhood than those who did the conquering. Our worst nightmare is that we meet aliens who are just like us. >> Wow. That's a whole new way to look at alien movies because the aliens are a reflection of the worst of us. I felt that way about The Walking Dead, which was human beings descending into their worst behaviors in being worse than the zombies themselves. >> No, wait a minute. Wait, wait. Oh, oh, got you. You mean the non-zombie people? >> Yeah. As you continue to watch The Walking Dead. >> Yeah. Because the people >> the people are actually acting worse than the zombies. >> You're losing civilization. >> Yeah. Yeah, >> cuz what is civilization if not a set of rules and regulations to prevent us from behaving how we otherwise would
17:05 >> Mhm. >> without it? >> So, is this whole alien thing just a call for mental health services or what is this really about according to you a scientist? >> Historically, when we encountered something that science has yet to explain, people say, "Oh, God is doing it." Yes, >> God is there. >> Recently, I've been asked what was around before the big bang. I said, "I don't know. We've got top people working on something had to be there." I said, "I don't know. God had Okay. So, I get it." All right. And that's a long tradition of people doing so. Yes. But if your understanding of God >> in however you perceive him or it to be is someone who lurks where science has yet to tread, then God to you is an evershrinking pocket of scientific
17:51 ignorance. Philosophers call that God of the gaps. So the modern version of that is alien of the gaps except for I I prefer the asinance. So I would say aliens of our ignorance something don't quite understand aliens. How' they build the pyramids? Aliens. Where did those lines come from in the Nazca planes in Peru? Aliens. It's intellectually lazy to just go to aliens and have that explain what you don't know. It's much harder to ask deeper and more probing questions about how to get further data, further evidence if you want to arrive at that conclusion. >> This is just me personally. To me, I approach God as the chasm of understanding of what I don't even understand and my humility to all of that. And the feeling, and this is just
18:38 a feeling, that I'm connected to all of these things in some way, shape, or form. >> Was that a question? Is that wrong? >> No. No. I'm not telling people how to worship. I'm not I that's not my role in this world. I'm an educator and you want to learn objective truths about the world, go ahead. And if that if to you so if that's your relationship to a spirit entity, I don't have a problem with that. But if for example, if your relationship to a spirit entity has you say that the universe was made in six days and that earth is flat, >> plenty of jobs for you in this world. I just don't want you to run NASA ever. >> Got it. >> I never tell anybody what they should. I just offer information and then you decide. >> What scares you? >> What scares me most?
19:23 >> Yeah. >> The level of profound science illiteracy in people who have control over laws and legislation of the land. That scares me the most because that is a recipe for the unraveling of an informed democracy. And if that permeates around the world, it could dismantle civilization. And I and I don't think I'm exaggerating when I say that because the methods and tools of science are the way it's the best way we've ever come up with as humans to establish what is objectively true in the world. And while you're establishing what is objectively true, you also end up establishing what is objectively false. If people have different belief
20:09 systems, that's fine. in a country that protects that. But if you have a belief system that I don't have and you rise to power over laws and create a law based on your belief system, that is a recipe for disaster. That is a recipe for the ending of the American system of governance. Your right to worship is protected constitutionally. But the constitution doesn't say you also have a right to coersse other people by making laws forcing them to have your same religion and your same religious rituals. The day that happens, we become a theocracy. And that is not what the founding fathers ever wanted. And that's why the word god does not appear in our constitution. It appears
20:55 once in a very minor way when they dated and signed the constitution, the year of our lord 1789. A very tiny minor way. It's not in the constitution. controversial in the day. You know why you don't put God in the constitution? >> Why is that? >> That means >> they were all Freemasons. >> It means nobody can make a law about someone's God. It was the most brilliant. It assures constitutionally that the government cannot establish a religion because God is not in the constitution at all. God, Jesus, no mention of it at all. Do you want to know where God appears? >> Sure. Oh, what I mean obviously when we you pledge allegiance. I always thought that was funny. You know, you go, I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, one n one nation under God, indivisible. I was like, we're so we're very divisible. >> That was added in the 1950s,
21:42 the the under God part. >> Pledge of allegiance. There was during the Cold War where we wanted to establish that we are a god-fearing nation against these communist atheists over there in the Soviet Union. So that's when we added in God we trust in our currency in the paper currency. >> That was in the 50s. >> Yeah. late by 56 57 58 around there. It's when they added in God we trust in the back of the House of Representatives. It's up on the wall. >> Yeah. >> That's a latter day declaration that we are God-fearing people that would does not derive from the Constitution. >> Let's talk about your new book, please. >> You have a brand new book. >> It's spanking brand new. >> Spanking brand new called Just Visiting This Planet: Further Scientific Adventures of Merlin from Omnicious. >> And it's got iridescent foil on the
22:28 cover so you can move that around. Yeah. >> And thanks for talking about the book. >> Of course. Now you was Merlin. >> That was a pen name I had for a column that I wrote for 15 years >> going back to 1982. >> Going back. Going back. >> What is the purpose of the Merlin character? >> Thank you. Thank you. So >> I mean wasn't answering scientific questions already enough? >> Yes. But I wanted to have fun. Part of it was selfish. I don't want to just answer questions. Sure. I want to have fun answering questions and I want the person reading them to have fun with me because the whole book is just Q&A asked by real people but answered by this fictional character from Andromeda. >> So look, I'm going to ask you questions from the book. You're going to answer as Merlin, but if you're going to answer as Merlin, you're going to need a Merlin hat. So what do you want? We can add this in post. Do you want a top hat? Do you want a fedora? Do you want um a sorting hat? Or do you want one of those old school just Dumbledore joints?
23:15 >> Sorting hats. Why not a sorting hat? >> Sorting hat. >> Yeah, let's do it. >> Here we go. First question of the book is from Hank Young. Dear Merlin, how come the North Pole is warmer than the South Pole? >> Well, give me the book and I'll be Merlin for you. >> Oh, Jesus. Okay, >> two reasons. As the real Santa knows, there is no land at the North Pole. It is just I can't read this without my glasses. >> Sure. >> So, hold on. By the way, you're going to still have, by the way, you're sorting head on. >> It's going to be in >> It'll be there in post. Yep. >> There's no land near the North Pole. It's just a spot on a floating ice sheet in the Arctic Ocean. Heat stored in the ocean over the summer months slowly
24:02 reriates to the ice and air during the winter months. Conversely, the South Pole is centrally located in the Antarctic continent, far away from the Antarctic Ocean. Earth is about 3% farther from the sun during the Antarctic winter July than during the Antarctic summer in January. When combined, these two effects provide a midwinter South Pole temperature of about -00° F. >> Yikes. >> While a typical mid-inter North Pole temperature is a toasty minus40. So, here's the thing. Merlin, who by the way is friends with Santa Claus. We talk about the future of climate change. And if we lose all the polar ice caps,
24:47 Santa, he's going to be in a tank shirt. >> Yeah. Yeah. Totally. Santa's going to be in Florida. >> That's That's a different Santa from what anyone has drawn. >> Look, Merlin, there's a lot of people that know a lot more than me, and they have sent in some questions for you. So, these are some of our smartest listeners and viewers sending you, Merlin, some questions. Let's take a look at the first. Why did a meteor come? How did a meteor come and hit dinos? And is there going to be another one? >> Cool. >> Do you hate to give him the bad news? >> It's not that the meteors come to hit us. That's true. But what's happening more than that is Earth is plowing through a debris field that remains ever
25:33 since the formation of the solar system. So it's not just the meteor coming to hit us. It's we and the meteor hitting each other. And yes, Earth plows through several hundred tons of meteors a day. Most of them are small. They burn up and you see them as shooting stars. Big ones will make it through. They'll make a crater. The really biggest ones will render us extinct. We want to make sure we can deflect these in the future so we don't face the same fate as the dinosaurs. >> Now, how do we help this kid sleep at night? >> He asked the question. He better deal with the answer I give him. >> Um, >> you're the one who needs help going to sleep at night. >> Well, I do. Let's go to the next question. >> So, what happens when you go inside a black hole? Do you just like go like whoa whoa or like does anybody come back
26:22 from black hole? Are black holes even real? >> So, this is a this is a multi-art one, but let's start with the big idea. Are black holes even real? And then let's get to do you go wo wo wo. They were theoretical for a long time, hypothetical, and then we found evidence for them in the physical universe. Yeah. Even though you can't see them directly, you see their effect on everything around you. Hence, no one is denying the black hole that's causing it. A B. In the first of the two Merlin books, this is actually the sequel, someone asked that very question of Merlin. And Merlin was driven to rhyme on a feet first dive to this cosmic abyss. You will not survive because you will not miss. The tidal forces of gravity will create quite a calamity when you're stretched
27:09 head to toe. Are you sure you want to go to go to go? >> Yeah. Yeah. So, I I actually don't think it's going to be a wo wo wo. It's going to be more of a >> Yeah. Until your head separates from your body. Correct. >> And then your vocal cords won't make any sound at all. >> Let's go to the next question. Why do turtles breathe through their butts? >> Great question. I was wondering the same thing. >> I didn't know turtles breathe through their butts. In fact, weeks ago, I was in the Galopagus Islands and nobody told me that those giant tortoises breathe through their butt. As an astrophysicist, this is outside of my awareness. >> I always had a question in anatomy and physiology class. Why does our sex stuff
27:55 happen near our poop stuff? Yeah, this is perfect evidence of bad design. >> Got it. >> Okay. >> Yeah. I mean, we we haven't an entertainment complex in the middle of a sewage system. No engineer would design that. There are people saying, "Oh, Earth is the manifestation of intelligent of an intelligence." It really doesn't look that way if you get close. >> But evolution got us there. So, I'm like, why is the fun park close to the outhouse? Apparently, the outhouse didn't stop people from using the fun park. >> Got it. >> If there were like spikes and things, we would have gone extinct long ago. >> Let's go to the next one. >> Hi, I'm Harvey. Why does time go slower in space than on Earth? >> Bye. >> Hey Harvey, I've wondered the same
28:40 thing. >> Cool. It actually goes faster in space than on Earth. >> What do you mean? >> What part of that sentence was not clear? No, it was really clear, but it just seemed kind of like >> when you are either moving fast or in the vicinity of a strong source of gravity, time slows down for you as other people see it. So on Earth's surface, time will proceed at a given rate. Where the GPS satellites are orbiting, they're farther away from Earth's surface than we are, obviously, right? >> They do not feel the slowing down that gravity would bring their clocks. And so GPS keeps faster time than we do. And we need to pre-correct GPS time by Einstein's general theory of relativity before it gives it to your cell phone.
29:26 Otherwise, the GPS targeting would be off in the military and grandma's house would be in the wrong place on your on your your directions in your car. >> Copy that. Hey, are you a fan of music? >> Yes, I think so. >> Let's take a look at this question. >> Okay. Hi, I'm Roger and I have a question. What would happen if you played music very, very, very loud in space? Bye. >> Hey, Roger. It's a great question. >> Great question. As the first Alien movie correctly noted, in space, no one can hear you scream, >> which means no one would hear the loud
30:11 music you played because there's no medium to transmit the pressure waves, which we otherwise call sound. And you would just be moving your lips and I wouldn't know what the hell you were saying. >> Neil, you got to you just got to stop scaring the children. And in the latest series, Alien series on TV, the alien comes to Earth. I did a small voice over for them. Yeah, cuz it's the Alien series. You got to do right by it. >> Sure. Sure. >> And I offer them a line. They never used it. >> What was the line? >> On Earth, EVERYONE CAN HEAR YOU SCREAM. >> WELL, I KNOW. >> Why do you keep scaring children? These are innocent children. >> Listen, these are the same children that love T-Rex, and they must know the T-Rex. They'll be ordurves to T-Rex if they ever meet one. And they love T-Rex. So, I think kids love things that can eat them. That's why they have respect
30:58 and love them. Practically every fairy tale, the end point is someone is going to eat them. The wolf in Little Red Riding Hood, the three bears, you don't get shot, you get eaten. That's the scary part. >> This is crazy. They're they're very comfortable with >> comfortable getting eaten by something with big teeth. >> Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. >> And that's why Barney, because you were Sesame Street, you were a PBS fan. Barney, they didn't give him sharp teeth. Yeah. He has perfectly straight. >> Yeah, I felt like Barney was insulting my intelligence. I did not with Barney. No, for real. I was like, you're treating me like a child. >> However, my take away from Barney, >> go ahead. >> Um, clean up, clean up everybody. Clean up clean everywhere. >> Yeah, of course. >> So, this last question is from my son
31:43 who's 5 years old. Sometimes I'll be driving him home in our um Kia Sto. Not trying to brag, but we do have a Kia. And he'll be in the back seat. He'll be looking out the window and he'll see the moon and he'll go, "Dad, the moon is following us." And I'll look out the window and be like, "Yeah, yeah, the moon is following us." And so my question is, "Is the moon following us?" >> That's a question in this book. Merlin answers that question. That's great. >> Well, by the way, my brother illustrated this book. >> Oh, incredible. >> He went to the High School of Music and Art and I went to the Bronx High School of Science and this is our second collaboration. That's incredible. And so Merlin answers it. Merlin answers it better than I will right now. It feels like it's following you, but it's not. You go 50 miles an hour. If you continued that >> for a hundred years, you leave the moon
32:30 behind. Okay? Going 50 miles an hour, the shrubbery along the roadside goes right by you. >> Right? >> And the farther away something is from the side of your car, the slower it appears to pass. The horizon goes even more slowly. something at basically infinity like the moon will go the slowest, >> right? >> But it's still moving past you just much more slowly and has to do with the angle that you are subtending is the word as you drive past. That's how you can make something look like it's farther away if you're a designer or you're special effects person working on a film. So yeah, it is moving by but not very quickly. >> Got it. That's why it feels like the moon's being a stalker. >> Yes. Yes. In fact, my brother cues off
33:16 of little quippy things that Merlin says. He drove this road that just leaves Earth and goes off with a little smoke uh behind it. >> Go. Yeah. It's a It's a kids ask that question all the time. Adults stop asking the question even though they don't have an answer to it. Adults lose their curiosity. It's upsets me. >> Yeah. It's sad. >> Yeah. >> Ronnie Chang. Ronnie Chang will not watch movies, but he will read the plot synopsis >> on Wikipedia. That means he is trusting the interpretations of others rather than his own. If he continues this way, he will become a shell of himself. >> I mean, he already is a shell >> to be filled with the thoughts, opinions, views, and attitudes of others. >> Wow. >> And I never want that to happen. I don't
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37:07 mill.com/husten. That's mill.com/husten. >> How come there's not a single hair out of place on your head? >> So, that's a combination of prayer, pomade, coconut oil. >> Oh, I see. Let's talk about everybody's favorite planet, the sun. >> Earth. Yes. But go on. Some was once a planet. That's correct. In ancient Greece. >> No. No. It's still a planet. >> No. >> No. What are >> you talking about? >> So planet Greek is planetes, meaning wanderer. And there were seven wandering lights on the sky against the background stars. Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the sun, and the moon. Seven classical planets. >> So you're saying the sun is not a planet? >> A star? >> No. No. Stars are whimsical. They represent magic and that something auspicious or good is happening.
37:54 >> Yeah. If you don't know if you don't know science, yeah, that's it could be all of that to you. >> The sun is a fiery circle thing that is demonic and gives people skin cancer. So, what are you saying? What is the sun? >> The sun is also a star. >> So, the world is >> and I'm going to use some of that pomade when you get a chance. Give me some >> pomade. Yeah, >> sure. We can call it tomato. Pomada. >> The world is undergoing a solar boom. Renewables are spiking, especially in China. Australia has so much solar energy, it is literally giving it away for free. Do you think the sun has enough juice in it to power all the AI data centers that we are going to inevitably be using in the future? >> Of course. >> And are we living through a solar boom? >> Of course. Most of the solar power just hits the earth and radiates back. But there's not only the sun as a source of power, which you only have access to in
38:41 the daytime when there are no clouds. Nukes are making a comeback. uh safe nukes, portable nukes, portable, not backpack portable, but like flatbed truck portable power stations that are completely transforming the life of people who live in a deeply rural is not even the right word. For example, in Alaska, something we don't think about as city folk. >> Yes, >> there are towns in Alaska, my wife was raised in Alaska, so I have a an awareness sensitivity to these challenges in the state. There are towns that get deliveries of diesel fuel >> to run their generators over the winter. If the river freezes, which it almost always does, and the roads are taken out, there's the risk of running out of power through the winter and then they all freeze to death. So, the military is
39:28 working on these portable uh uranium power stations. Turn it on, goes for 10 years, and you plug everything into it and everything's fine. So, it's portable and it's instant power at any time, which the sun cannot provide. So, what you need are are advances in storage devices, batteries, or some other clever means. Here's a clever way. Uh, when you lift up a heavy object, that object now has energy it didn't have when it was on the ground. It's called gravitational potential energy. If you let it go, it'll fall and break your toe. It took energy to break your toe. Where' that energy come from? The energy it took you to lift it up in the first place. So one one future possible design of power plants that have solar power or tidal
40:14 power. Whenever that power is available, they use it to lift heavy blocks. Then the sun sets and now the block will descend with pulleys and levers and however and it converts back. So you're converting solar power to mechanical gravitational power >> and then it gets to the bottom, the sun rises and it goes up again. >> This is awesome. >> Yeah. Totally. Totally. And it's 100% conversion. There's not this this chemical losses you get by converting it into a battery and then getting it back out of the battery. >> So, do you believe that if we properly harness solar energy? >> I don't believe anything. >> Okay. Do you have a hunch? Inkling, >> a tingling of your spirit. >> I love tingles. >> That these advancements in solar will actually be able to put a dent in
41:01 climate change. >> Yes. The question is how quickly how quickly would we adopt these measures? >> Yeah. >> By the way, if we converted all carbon deposits into atmospheric greenhouse gases >> Mhm. >> we'll still be here. We're not going to render ourselves extinct, but the map of the world will be completely redrawn. If we lose the ice caps, Antarctica, where I just visited this past December, it's summertime. and Greenland, if they melt back into the oceans, the level of the oceans will rise to the Statue of Liberty's left elbow, burying underwater all the world's major cities because on the W's edge, you have access to it
41:47 transportation irrigation commerce >> right? >> Most of the world's greatest cities are on the water's edge for exactly that reason. They'll all just get flooded. Denver doesn't have to worry about this, right? >> Okay. But every practically every other city does. London, Paris, everybody's got rivers going through it. >> Sure. >> There it is. >> And then Montana will just basically become the new Manhattan. >> Montana becomes the lone land land mass in the world. Uh yeah. So or the entire uh mountain time zone basically is pretty high elevation. Point is, I don't know that we can pick up a city and move it inland fast enough. >> Many people will die. Whole countries will go away in the South Pacific. And it's it's not that they're going to wait around for the water to get higher and then they have to leave. Yeah, >> you'll get covered by a storm. Storm
42:33 surges as the temperature moves just this little bit. Yeah. >> The tail of your weather extremes goes out even farther. So, you will notice this water problem well before the water level gets to that point because storm surges will take you out. That's what happened here in New York City during Hurricane Sandy. >> Right. >> If you drive down the Westside Highway in the 20s, there's the ConEd station. There's a new wall there. that is now higher than whatever the previous wall was because that's the new normal. That'll be good certainly for another hurricane Sandy, >> right? >> But will it be good for Hurricane Joey? >> I mean, these are ridiculous names. >> Hurricane Joey is just It just sounds so friendly. >> Oh, by the way, we name hazardous asteroids after
43:20 gods of destruction and death and pestilence >> to be scary. >> Why not? For example, we have an asteroid A office that's going to make a close approach to Earth. Ask me how close. Wait, in what year? >> 2029. >> Ask me how close. >> How close? >> It'll dip below our orbiting communication satellites. It'll be the closest. >> It'll go below Starlink. >> No, Starlink is lower than that. >> So, it'll be above Starlink, but below Direct TV. >> Oh my god. >> Which goes off your communication. >> So, we'll still have Wi-Fi, but there'll be a goddamn >> Okay. So, it's going to come by coming close. We don't know if Earth's gravity is going to break it apart. We don't know how struct the structural integrity of this thing is because as you come near strong sources of gravity, there's
44:05 there's stress in your physical body. >> Do you have this marked in your Google calendar? >> April 13th in 2029, which by the way is a Friday. >> Okay, >> so but it's not going to hit us, but we're going to study it. >> Why didn't you open with this? >> Because that we started with this conversation. You're a happy man. You are a happy person. >> You are generally happy person. I'm not here to to >> change that vibe. >> We started with UFOs and aliens. You should have just started with, hey, April 13th, 2029. Just do an all day hold. Friday, April 13th, 2029. Just do an all day hold in your Google calendar. Hey, guess what? A comet may hit Earth. >> It's why >> then we could have gone to the average. >> It's why science works because we know
44:50 it's not going to hit us. But for a while, we didn't know whether it would hit us. And that doesn't terrify you. >> NASA just demonstrated the Dart mission, the double asteroid redirect test. NASA sent a space probe with a a deployable space observing platform which I think was made by the Italians named Luca, I think. Anyhow, it went into slam into this asteroid to try to change its orbital period around because it's a moonlit around the main asteroid and it succeeded. change the orbital period by half an hour and it would have been counted as a success had it changed it by 73 seconds. So NASA's working on its muscle to to deflect asteroids which is what you're going to need in the future. And by the way in the year 1900 if you say what do you fear most people would
45:35 said oh population outstripping food uh polio the list >> is not on anybody's list today or maybe polio is coming back. Yeah, Polio's making a making a comeback. >> Thank you, RFK, for making a comeback. >> So, now we know about asteroids putting us at risk. So, that's something on our list today that was not on our list back then, plus rising sea levels that could take out cities. That was not on anybody's list in 1900. So, when you ask me what am I concerned about in the future, I don't know. In the year 2100, what list are we going to provide that is undret of today? Since everything we're concerned about today was undret of a 100 years ago, I worry about the unknown unknowns.
46:25 Man, this sucks. >> I'm not here to depress you. You're a happy man. I like happy people. >> Okay. via science and government. These two things work together or sometimes not together. >> That's why we have the National Academy of Sciences which was signed into law under President Lincoln in 1863 when he clearly had other things on his plate that he needed to worry about. >> Wow. The National Academy of Sciences goes back to Lincoln. Yes, it does. >> Wow. And that's usually it's the pre-roll right before I watch stuff on PBS. >> Okay. >> This episode of Arthur is brought to you by a dinner from the National Arthur. Is that right? You remember Arthur. >> I'm a fan of Arthur. I'm a fan of Sesame Street. I'm also a fan of Laya in the Loop. That's a new >> show on PBS Kids. PBS Kids.org. >> You know what kind of animal Arthur is? >> Uh, he's an anti
47:10 >> artwork. Yeah. So, did you see the original book of Arthur? demented. Sorry, Mark Brown. I'm a huge fan. Love you, Mark Brown. Would love to meet you. Mark Brown, Beverly Clear, you guys are Doug. >> No, in the original illustrations. >> Yo, those early editions. >> Terrifying. >> They are terrifying. All the animals are like real animals. Arthur has a full full up art nose. >> Yeah. Yeah. You remember when Sonic they dropped the trailer and they were like, "What the is going on with Sonic?" >> Well, Sonic fans didn't like >> they didn't like that. That was the way I felt when I was I got super into Arthur, Mark Brown, a fan. I had to go back to the original archive. I'm like, "Let me listen to the first record." Yeah. No. Right. You like Jay-Z, you like The Blueprint, go check out Reasonable Doubt. When I saw those first few Arthur books, they were written either in the early '7s or late '60s. I was like, "Dude, this dude was dropping acid. These are terrifying creatures."
47:56 >> Yeah. >> You need empathy for your main character. I don't feel any empathy for that. I was like, "Let him back in the wild." >> I pick up from Arthur loses a tooth and we move on from there. I don't acknowledge the previous stuff. Anyways, let's get back to >> Why were we talking about >> science? Well, because here's here's >> Oh, you said the sponsor. >> The sponsor. National Academy of Science. >> No, no, no. You're thinking of National Science Foundation. >> National Science Foundation. >> Yeah. Don't confuse those. That came about after the Second World War. >> Okay. >> In response to a document written by >> the first ever president's science adviser, although that wasn't his title at the time, that's the role he played. Yes. Vanver Bush is his name. He wrote a document called science the endless frontier and in it chapter by chapter science and its role in our health. Science and its role in creating
48:42 industries and jobs. Science as its role in security and and developing wealth and and your health. Yeah. It was a it was the blueprint for how America did science in the 20th century. And it was informed by the fact that science, physics specifically, won the war. >> Okay. The second world war coming right out of that. And so the role of science, not just only bravery, science matters. The National Science Foundation definitely would be pumping money. >> Shout out to the NSF. >> Yes. No, I have to say something else. Go ahead. >> Cuz since I've been seeing you on bus stansions, that's very distracting. >> What? >> That's my man. What do you want a bus stansion for? What? What were you with a with a shirts, you know? Okay. So, I
49:28 just want you to know I'm old enough to remember 30 years ago. >> Yes. >> It was Have you have you bathed yet? Have you you haven't shaven today, clearly right? >> Yeah. Stubble was like, "Go groom yourself, >> but now everybody's got it." >> Yeah. >> Everybody's got a thing. >> A little thing. >> A a little thing. And so razor companies must be losing money hand over fist because nobody is shaving with razors anymore. >> Well, you'll love this as a fan of science is the razor companies win either way because what you have with the taper, the fade, how you get lined up. >> Oh, you you need precision instruments. >> Of course. Yes. So, some of these I mean talking about you talking about barber shops here in New York now. You got your Russian barbers, you got your Dominican barbers, and then you got your black barbers. I have a Japanese barber. But you talk about how much you love algebra
50:14 2 trigonometry. Oh man, they are getting perpendicular with joints, a natural line. Do you want a y equals x? >> This is manscaping. >> Totally. This is manscaping >> with with with hypotenuses and everything. >> Totally. Totally. Some people go the full 90°. I mean, we talk about some of the dudes we we can go to the Bronx. We can go uptown. You got dudes doing full perpendicular. I see. Yes. It comes straight down right here on the on the temple. >> Of course. XY axis. >> Yes. >> Up top here. >> Yeah. Good. Now, when I say I want it a little more natural, what I'm doing is I just want like I want healthy. It's it's almost like an look like anybody's been doing geometry on your face. >> Bingo. Back to where we're at. Go. >> Modern practical solar panels were invented in 1954. >> Why has it taken 70 years for them to take off? >> I thought they were even older than that, but okay. Modern I mean high
51:01 efficiency. >> Yes. Yeah. Yeah. Because >> I mean schools became integrated. >> Oil comes out of the ground for free. Well, >> not for free. >> Once you dig the hole, it comes out for free. >> Okay. and you can put it in a truck and move it to wherever you want on Earth's surface and you build roads. But from 1954, we were just beginning the interstate system. >> And so tax money paid for the roads that the automotive company and the oil companies would have you drive on. And so they didn't invest that infrastructure. We did as a country. >> So if you want to ask what is the total cost? Yeah. >> of oil. It is our tax money creating a
51:48 landscape on which you can burn gasoline. >> We we paid for that that entire infrastructure. So you pull it out of the ground. >> Yeah. >> Put it in a truck, send it wherever you want. And now that's why if you were to drive to California from the New York, you don't need all the gas you would ever use to get across the country. Everyone would have to have their own tanker, right? So, you just have, you know, 15 gallons of gas to get you to the next gas station and you refill on your Well, someone put the gas there in front of you. >> Space exploration, space habitation will not become a regular thing until we have filling stations spread around >> along the way, >> the solar system. Correct. Because otherwise, you got to carry all the fuel
52:34 you need with you. And you ever you ever see like the Saturn 5 rocket, the astronauts are up here. Any rocket, the astronauts are up here and all the rest is bomb, regulated bomb. Okay, fuel. So, you don't need that if you're going to refill later on. Point is, that's why we use oil. It was fast and easy and relatively cheap. Plus, back then, we didn't have a good way to store solar power. So, there there are sensible reasons why this was the case. Plus, it's not in the oil company's interest to have you not use oil. So, >> but isn't it in their business the the the consumer's in interest? >> At the time, there wasn't a big movement >> describing the risks of climate change. We knew what role extra CO2 would play
53:20 in warming the planet, right? Those data were available, but it didn't really work its way into people's consciousness as to what would happen if we continue this unabated. >> Well, we've seen China now invest huge in solar. Meanwhile, America is investing in ballrooms, new ballrooms that we're paying for. What's going on here? Why the disconnect? >> I don't know why people do anything, but I can describe the consequences of it. Okay. >> Yeah. If we don't >> How will this bite us in the ass? Well, it bite the whole world in the ass. Oh, by the way, China is still digging coal, so it's not like they're they're completely green yet. They may be one of the biggest coal producing countries out there right? >> But their their investments in renewable
54:07 energy is the future. So, if you have foresight and your country and you care about the future of your country, that's the kind of investments one should be making. That's an if statement. I'm not telling you to do anything if you want if you don't want to invest in it. You know I we're a free country. People establish laws and legislation who you voted for. >> Right. >> Right. So >> you're not telling but you are eluding. One of our spiciest moments from the previous episode >> when we were all in the caves. Half of everyone born was dead before the age of 30. >> Jesus. >> Science matters here. Okay. >> All right. You can run around and eat all the organic you want. Okay. >> You'd be dead by the 30 unless some doctor came in and said, "We can we can increase your life expectancy using science." >> You You're directing this at me as if
54:53 I'm RFK Jr. I'm not. You were giving an impassion speech. So, you were alluding to the power of science and how it can change the world. And I agree with you. Now, do you think I thought when Elon Musk gave Donald J. Trump that red Tesla in front of the White House, I thought DJT was going to go big on solar and see its power. I also had my doubts because I knew that door handle was going to probably confuse the president. I was like, he's not going to figure out approach that door handle. It's kind of mysterious >> because you got to you got to push. >> It's flush with the door. >> Yeah. Yeah. So, it's flush with the door, but you got to know how to you got to push far right in. It's a little >> No, you push it with your thumb and then it goes fingers and then it goes That's correct. >> Yeah. >> So, I was like, Trump's not going to be able to figure that out. >> This is a different panel than I've everything's computer. But
55:40 how much of a bite or incentive do you think that possibly gave the president, the government, and the nation at large? Do you think Elon helped shape discourse in this way? >> I think this is America. We're a capitalist democracy. >> Yeah. >> Money matters. Only and ever does money matter. My father used to tell me that and I didn't want to believe it. I didn't understand it when I was a kid. >> I said, "Isn't this just the right thing? It doesn't matter if the money doesn't go there. >> You mean financial incentives. There has to be a financial incentive for somebody. >> He said it won't happen unless somebody can make a buck off of it. Right. >> And I didn't that was too mature a concept for me to grasp. You know, when I was eight, my father was active in the civil rights movement and city governance. He worked under Mayor Lindsay. So, he was very much in in the 1960s. And I'm just this kid, the
56:28 scientist right? >> Man, you are cut from special cloth. >> I I stayed grounded. I stayed grounded. I care about the human condition in ways that I don't know that I would have otherwise if I was just a scientist kid coming from scientists. Not that that's a prerequisite for caring about others, but it's it's deeply in my DNA if I may. >> This this care for for and having this deep empathy for humanity. >> Yes. Yes. Precisely. He had another point though. He said it's not good enough to be right. You also have to be effective. You can say the right things and and march down the street, but if you're not affecting change, go home. >> You're just patting yourself on the back saying, "Oh, look how noble I am in all of my declarations." If you're not
57:14 actually in the trenches making change happen, you're not in the game. So, >> damn, Pops is dropping bars. He was dropping him, dropping him >> and ahead of his time completelying on Reddit in the comment section >> and just going hard in the paint. >> The 60s and 70s was last I checked your father before Reddit. >> Is he still alive? >> No. Uh we lost him in 2019. >> Prayers up to him. Do us to him, man. What a what a giant. >> Yeah. >> What a what an amazing human being. >> In fact, there's a New York Times obit on him if you want to dig it up. Yeah. Sir Degrasse Tyson. Yeah. It's a picture of him. He he used a capital D for the Degrasse. I'm a little lowercase D. Yeah. >> From in my middle name. So point is if you can create a financial incentive for something to happen. Yes. >> Then the rivers just flow in that direction, right? And then you don't
57:59 have to >> convert people's emotional states. >> Where money flows, change goes perhaps. Is that >> I love that phrase. Thank you. That that encapsulates what I've been trying to say for 15 minutes. Money talks and you know, walks. So you asking about AI farms. So if you have an AI farm, you can make a law that says generate your own damn power. So they'd have to get the portable nukes or build a wind farm or solar farm or tidal farm, build it near a place where they can get their own power. >> Yeah. >> That's no different from what factories used to do when they needed, you know, you had uh uh sawmills. They would be on the water's edge that use stream power, right? >> Which is basically gravity moving water to turn their mills before electricity, for example. So that's not a different
58:47 challenge than business has ever experienced in the past. >> This is a really interesting pocket that we're in right now because hearing about your father, how that influenced you, the lessons you learned, you being a scientist, there's three buckets that I'm seeing here. You have scientific progress, you have governance, and then you have money. You recently dropped a video explaining, dare I say, a misquote that you had in regards to Elon Musk, but you said he quote, "Hasn't done anything that NASA hasn't already done." Can you elaborate on that? That way we can get clarification on that and not offend anyone who owns a Cybert truck. When Elon delivered cargo to the space station 5 years ago, something like
59:33 that, >> it was banner headlines. >> Private enterprise brings cargo to space. It's a new frontier. >> Yes. >> You brought cargo to the space station. NASA's been doing that itself for like decades. It's not what Elon has done in space that is the moving frontier here. It is the cost of access to space that he has pioneered and brought that number down. Opening up the accessibility of space to new and innovative industries. >> Wow. >> That's his contribution here. He is making access to space cheaper. And no one would have been talking about at the levels they are electric cars were it not for Elon Musk. He made a
1:00:19 conversation about electric cars in America a daily thing. So there's that. And >> does that shift governance? Does that shift culture? And does that shift people or people to governance? >> If he makes money off of it, it'll shift everything. >> Got it. >> You make money on Do you realize in 1905, you ever see this photo of Fifth Avenue, Easter Sunday, there's like 19 horsedrawn carriages for every one Model T? >> Model T's had that just come out. 10 years later, there's 19 Model T's and one horsedrawn carriage. >> Right? We literally and figuratively built civilization on the backs of horses. And after 10 years, you couldn't give away a horse. Why? Because the car was cheap. He made sure that people on his assembly line could buy the cars
1:01:04 that they're making on that assembly line. What a concept. Okay, so the cars are inexpensive. You know how they work or there's someone down the street who knows how they work. They don't die on you. Whatever your challenges were with horses, you didn't have it with cars. And it changed like that. Point is it
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