2c New England and Mid Atlantic Colonies Religious Motivations for Colonization Part I

0:02 good morning and welcome back okay so today's lecture is New England and the mid-atlantic colonies and we're really looking at religious motivations for colonization so as we move into discussing the mid-atlantic and New England colonies many of you would know that these colonies were founded for religious reeded regions not for profit like the earliest English colonies at Jamestown and Roanoke indeed this idea that colonies American colonies would be founded for religious reasons for religious freedom to escape religious persecution this association of America

0:47 with religious freedom is an idea that has become become very important to the American political culture even today but at the same time this idea is also misleading this Association of America early American history as a haven of religious freedom we won't really get into this today but we'll see later many of these groups that were religious minorities in England that were persecuted in England many of these groups would be just as intolerant to other religious groups in the new world that the official majority religion in England was to them and and or you know strictly enforced adherence to their particular set of religious belief so

1:34 religious freedom escaping intolerance is sometimes a little bit more complicated than it's made out to be because sometimes toleration and intolerance work web can enhance but at this point you should know that the founding of colonies for religious reading reasons for religious freedom if we can call it that was definitely a major factor differentiating the English settler colonies from other European empires didn't happen in the other countries Catholicism played a role in the conquest of the Spanish Empire for instance the conquistadors conquered in the name of God and to convert the natives to Catholicism but in contrast

2:19 to England Catholicism in the Spanish new world was always the official state religion in the English settler colonies were dealing with religious minority groups and not the official state religion the same thing applies to French Canada as Spain in New France colonization occurred in the name of official state religion in the name of the official state religion again Catholicism and like Spain both in Spain and French religious minorities were not led out think of this idea of a safety valve very different in the English new world where religion worked as a safety

3:05 valve immigration to the new world was a way to deal with religious tensions a way to deal with religious minority so religious minorities were allowed to emigrate like a safety safety valve providing them from providing them with relief from persecution so during the time of English colonization here are the major religious groups in England in my joy the majority the official state religion is the Church of England and the minorities were Catholics English Catholics Puritans separatists and Quakers however to understand the religious motivations provoking

3:51 colonization in the new world and to tell you about these religious sects some of whom wanted to leave I have to teach you the basics of the Protestant Reformation I can't expect you to understand American history without a basic working knowledge of Luther Henry the eighth John Calvin if you really want to know what the Puritans were about so therefore most of this lecture is going to consist of an overview or review of the Protestant Reformation beginning with Martin Luther and it's important that you know this I'm not going to assume that you've studied it before so this will explain what these minorities are okay so we'll

4:38 leave out the details of the Protestant Reformation that aren't really important to American history but I can't teach you American history without you not knowing something about Martin Luther okay so Martin Luther was a German monk who famously decided to become a monk during a thunderstorm but we're really gonna leave all of that out um some of you would know that Martin Luther launched the Protestant Reformation he challenges the authority of the Pope many things he never really intends to do all of this and found a new church he only wanted to reform the Catholic Church from within related to one specific small issue what we're called

5:25 indulgences but things work out like that so what was initially a small criticism of specific practices in the Catholic Church turned into this huge thing that became the Protestant Reformation okay during this period during this period the Catholic Church was beginning an aggressive campaign of promoting the sale of indulgences this was partially to finance the rebuilding of st. Peter's Basilica in Rome which was built in the rear which was built on it rebuilt on a grand scale in the early 16th century from 1506 to 1530 to the

6:13 wealthy Renaissance Pope Leo the tenth commissioned the rebuilding of st. Peters and the Sistine Chapel and stepped up this indulgence selling campaign to pay for this rebuilding programs what were indulgences indulgences were essentially sin remission tickets sin remission tickets they were believed in the popular mind in the popular mind these indulgences wiped away sin they were widely viewed as tickets to heaven by everyday people and the church sold these this really was not the church official teaching so the

7:00 church's official teaching on salvation was this medieval theology had traditionally taught that salvation going to heaven salvation was a joint venture between God and newman's salvation depended on a combination of faith and the performance of good works good works meaning doing good things on earth so stated otherwise at the time the Catholic Church taught that salvation your admission to heaven was a combination of two things faith which was passive you didn't have to do anything to earn it and good works good works were active you did good deeds on earth also even after a priest absolved

7:50 a believer of sin on earth through confession Catholics believe that the believer would still have to do eternal time with God in purgatory before going to heaven so in other words the theory of indulgences rested on the idea that while priestly absolutism forgives eternal guilt and prepares the way to heaven sin still had to be worked off through acts of penance or after death in purgatory so once again indulges is worse in remission tickets they were believed to lessen your sin and they were sold by the church for money one of the most aggressive salesman of the time

8:38 was a Dominican monk named Johann Tetzel and Tetzel famously urged this seller of indulgences famously urged people to be more concerned for their souls and the souls of their dead ancestors rather than their material rather than their material possessions here is an excerpt from Johann Tetzel sermons on buying indulgences the slogan at the time was as soon as gold in the basin rings right then to the soul to heaven spring this was supposedly supposedly a slogan promoted by Tetzel to sell these

9:25 indulgences and here he's encouraging people to buy indulgences on behalf of relatives that were already dead in hearing local people's confession Luther was an Augustine monk and a priest okay so he heard confessions in her hearing local people's confession Luther was deeply troubled about the message that the church was sending people with the sale of indulgences this was the idea that salvation could be bought or sold this is what he thinks the church is teaching indulgences aside Luther also became increasingly critical of the church's emphasis on good works now this is a really difficult thorny issue to understand often this is misunderstood

10:14 to think that Luther did not value good works at all he did not value good works as acts of Christian charity charity Luther would famously argue that that salvation was not a combination of good works and faith as the Catholic Church lot taught but his idea was faith alone faith alone some of feed a nothing you can you do whether its buying indulgences or good works can quote-unquote earn your way to heaven only your faith only this comes directly from God oftentimes Luther's idea of faith alone is misunderstood to think that Luther did not value good works acts of Christian charity at all so what

11:02 he objected to was the motivation behind for me good works he believed that charity should be performed altruistically out of the goodness of your heart but not to win or buy your way into heaven and he did believe that faith was more important than good works because faith and salvation were passive faith and salvation were passive gifts from God that could not be earned or bought in any form in Luther's view man was so utterly sinful and depraved that salvation was always a pass a gift from God it could never be earned and this is different than the Catholic Church's teaching on October 31st 1517 Luther

11:52 famously posted his 95 theses on October 31st 1517 he posted his 95 theses on the door of the castle Church in Wittenberg in Saxony where he was from it was theological propositions that were posted publicly for academic debate he nails them on the door of the Cathedral Church and with Wittenberg and the 95 theses focused on the sale of indulgences it was a criticism of the practice of the sale of indulgences according to custom Luther had copies printed so that he could send these to colleagues outside of that city and to the archbishop of the region as well one

12:43 crucial region for the success and spreading of Luther's idea was the printing press the the idea the works of Luther that I'm going to go over here quickly posted his propositions publicly first in Latin and in German translations so due to the new printing press Luther's idea became a big media event and it was really one of the first such media in which a singles single author's ideas were brought to a vast audience in days and weeks in other words loose loser

13:29 went viral loser exploited and used the power of the media and became really overnight an electrifying celebrity and was associated with challenging Authority and order Luthor's often misunderstood Luther was only out to reform a specific practice within the church he's only arguing against the sale of indulgences nothing else not the authority of the Pope but he had inadvertently launched referees what represented the greatest social and cultural revolution in Western history now it is important to note that early on Luther does not openly challenge papal Authority the head of the Catholic Church was the Bishop of Rome usually

14:16 referred to as the Pontifex Maximus ie the Pope in any case at first Luther did not openly challenge the authority of the Pope the head of the Catholic Church but eventually ends unfolded in a way Luther never imagined he had actually dedicated a copy of the 95 theses to the Pope at the time Leo the tenth he hoped that the Pope would read it and see it and see that the real controversy was not between Luther and the Pope but between those who you know were slandering the papacy by selling indulgences in the name of this Pope so the core of the matter of the 95 theses

15:02 was salvation and penance not papal Authority but the 95 theses did not initiate a dialogue like Lucas or hope an effort to reform the Catholic Church from within instead the Pope immediately branded Luther as a heretic and what began as a very specific attack on the sale of indulgences became viewed as an attack on the papacy the ninety-five theses were trans slated widely and circulated and this obscure unknown monk from Saxony it increasingly became a radical and popular hero at the same time Luther's ideas gradually became more radical and hence headstrong and challenged the very

15:50 nature of papal Authority and argued that various practices and customs developed by the church over the Middle Ages were false as loser had it this is very important for later reformed moments as Luther had it only the scripture and the Bible were two true sources of authority not the Pope but only scripture and the Bible could be viewed as true sources of Church authority Luther would not back down in Luther was a monk he was an Augustinian monk in October 1518 Luther was summoned before the head of the Augustinian order at the diet of Augsburg he famously

16:35 refused to recant recant means to take back your ideas in 1519 after he was challenged to a public debate by a rival theology professor who represented the Dominican Order for the first time in 1519 luther directly challenged papal authority for the first time he was basically burning all bridges by this time faced with theologians who were for the papacy who were condemning him by this time by 1519 luther began to directly attack the pope and the authority of the

17:21 Pope he received a papal bull a papal bull as an official document from the Pope he received a papal bull threatening excommunication in June 1590 I'm sorry in June 1520 the papal bull gave him fit 60 days we can't to take back his ideas or else if he did not he would be excommunicated from the church meaning that he would be kicked out of the church forever now you might say so what well to people in the Middle Ages this was a really big deal because that meant he would never receive Communion he would never go to

18:07 confession he could never set foot in a church in essence by excommunicating him the Pope was damning him to hell Luther answered the Pope's bull recant or else with a decisive no he famously burned the bull which threatened his life and soul and he answered a decisive no with a series of three radical pamphlets that I'll tell you about and he would be excommunicated from the church in January 1521 he was given one last chance to recant he was called before his local archbishop elbrick the Archbishop of Mainz and the Holy Roman Emperor at a meeting in April 1521 the

18:54 diet of worms the name's not important but you should know at this one last chance to recant to back down he famously said I cannot and will not recant anything here I stand I can do no other um okay so after he was well during the period when he decided that he was going to leave the church he charted out his ideas in a series of three radical pamphlets that basically summarizes Luther's main idea letters to the German nobility it was written in German and addressed to German princes it urged German princes to force an

19:43 emergency package of reforms to court curtail the worldly influences of the Italian church in Germany he called the papacy and the papal court a crawling mass of reptiles and German princes would see this as an opportunity to secure power at the expense of the Catholic Holy Roman Empire and seize church lands some of this is not important to for our purposes for American history and English history but what he did urge he urged secondly secular

20:30 authorities German princes to assert control over the church in their territories he demanded that German rulers reformed the papacy and church institutions so in a very broad way I guess we could say that one thing Luther does not favor he calls the papacy corrupt etc one thing he does not favor is a separation of church and state on the contrary he wants German nobleman and German princes German Kings to take control of the the churches in their reason Regents and clean it up okay so some of the details aren't important for us but that one was Babylonian captivity of the church was

21:17 written in Latin for an educated audience some of his main ideas are here he exalted the authority of the Bible Church teachings church law should only be based directly what was in the Bible and so he exalts the authority of the Bible and church councils over the control of the Pope he attacked the Catholic Church's seven traditional sacraments and he argued that the Catholic Church originally had seven sacraments such as the Eucharist the communion baptism the last rites before

22:02 people died but without going into too much detail he attacked the traditional seven sacraments of the Catholic Church arguing that all only two to two sacraments baptism and Eucharist communion that is to say the Catholic belief of transubstantiation of eating the body and blood of Christ he argued that only two sacraments baptism and Eucharist had scriptural justification in the Bible so he exalted the authority of Scripture over tradition freedom of a Christian was published in 1520 in both German and

22:48 Latin and it summarizes his beliefs on salvation salvation on faith alone not by good works he declared that salvation was an unmerited gift from God you don't earn it it's given to you but that Christians should still do good works out of genuine Christian was another thing that he does after he had been excommunicated was he translated the New Testament into German into German for the very first time using a an older Greek and Latin translation so at this point the Bible

23:34 is in Latin and Luther believed that people should read the Bible in the vernacular in their native language people should read interpret read and interpret the Bible directly not just relying on the authority of priests and other parts of the Catholic hierarchy so overall Luther's views came as a frontal attack on traditional sources of religion and political authority the Pope the Emperor and it also in a broader sense pulled out the carpet from notions of hierarchy social hierarchy by emphasizing the Equality of all believers and the priesthood of all believers individuals who have a closer

24:22 individual relationship with God and not necessarily through a priest for instance Luther does away with penance by 1550 half of Germany was Lutheran shown in yellow here so I don't I don't have time to teach all of the Reformation and the agent religious wars but as I mentioned to you one thing Luther did not think one thing Luther did not believe in was a separation of church and state after something called the age of religious wars in the Germany's Germany was not United at the time but in the various German states the settlement of the age of religious

25:08 wars was he who rules determines about religion he who rules determines the religion in other words the official religion of these German states was the religion of the ruler so in that regard there were various religious minorities in the German lands Catholics were minorities in some areas Lutheran's were minorities in other areas and Calvinists as we'll talk about would be renewer minorities elsewhere so various types of German immigrants who were persecuted for religious reasons and were not of the official state religion shown here came to the New World

25:54 now I have another map here that's pretty good this map shows the dominant religion and then minority groups so German immigrants to the new world included minority groups like for instance Lutheran's from Catholic areas of Germany okay you see here also included Calvinists in Lutheran areas of of Germany we'll talk about Calvinists later and also radical and a Baptist from the southern part of Germany in Switzerland we'll get into the Anabaptist later but basically an A Baptist believes believe in adult

26:42 baptism okay so um let's go back to talking about the Protestant Reformation once Luther had broken the Catholic Church's monopoly on religious groups other groups took the initiative in challenging papal Authority the English Reformation would occur for very different reasons for political and dynastic reasons rather than theological reasons in Ingram England King Henry the eighth would found a new church the Anglican Church for political and dynastic reasons rather than theological reasons now the cause of the English Reformation

27:33 was not religion was not theology but the Kings great matter the Kings great matter Henry had no male heir Henry was married to Catherine of Aragon his first wife was Catherine of Aragon Catherine of Aragon was the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain she was a Spanish Catholic he was also a Catholic now to Mary Catherine Henry they had actually received special dispensation from the Pope a special permission from the Pope because Catherine had originally been married to his older brother Henry the seventh his older brother was

28:19 called his older brother had originally been married to Catherine and Arthur his older brother I'm sorry I misspoke there the name of his older brother was actually Arthur not Henry the sevens my apologies but in any case the idea of marrying your brother's wife went against Church law right so so therefore in order to marry his older brother's wife he had to receive a special permission from the Pope called a dispensation this this is not really important but it's sort of a piece of trivia now so he received the dispensations and he marries Catherine

29:04 of Aragon now by royal standards the marriage was average they neither love nor hated one another but the problem was for Henry that Henry's marriage to Catherine produced only one daughter Mary Mary Tudor Catherine had bore male children but they all died in infancy young so by 1520 1715 27-7 henry decided that his marriage was cursed by God that he had been living in sin with his queen and that he had been a bad Catholic he should have never married his brother's widow in the first place and he believed that God was showing his anger by

29:51 refusing him as son so all of this was referred to as the Kings great matter at the same time he was a love in 1526 with a court lady in waiting with an electric personality who had been raised in France and was convinced that this woman Anne Boleyn would give him the son that he needed under normal circumstances the Pope would have granted him an annulment a sort of Catholic dissolution of the marriage but the complicating factors made it impossible he had already had this special dispensation and there was a lot of political pressure on the Pope

30:39 not to grant the annulment because without going into a lot of detail his his first wife Catherine was very well-connected politically to other Catholic Monarchs so these Catholic Monarchs pressured the Pope not to grant an annulment so therefore the Pope refused to grant an annulment he refused to let Henry divorce his first wife Catherine and I mentioned to you the longer story Catherine had been married to Henry's older brother before the older brother died young so Catherine so the the solution was that Henry has Henry

31:24 decides that he would marry the 19 year old Anne Boleyn and leave his 40 year old wife in the cold but to do this he would have to found his own church Henry severed relations with the Catholic Church and convened a a meeting of the English Parliament and founded a new new church this new church declared Henry the only supreme head of the Church of England so Henry founded a new Church the Church of England and Henry would be the first head of the English church so in essence in the Church of England as it was called the King was traditionally

32:12 the head of the Church of England he was in essence and English Pope so here's what you have to understand under Henry the new Church of England or Anglican Church remained very close to the Catholic Church it remained very Catholic in its liturgy the way they celebrated the mass with a lot of pomp and circumstance and music the the Anglican Church remained very Catholic in its liturgy and theology they didn't really change the teachings they reinforced many traditional ideas of the Catholic Church like celibacy the idea that priests had to remain on marriage unmarried they reinforced the

32:57 traditional beliefs on communion transubstantiation and that's the idea that the body and blood of Christ is actually present in the Eucharist Henry's new church still has confession penance it still has bishops it still has a hierarchical like the Catholic Church loser for instance aloud did away with confession and allowed priests to marry for the first time now at the same time he does do things that were not Catholic he has English monasteries dissolved and seizes their assets for the Royal Treasury's but Henry you could sort of look him as

33:43 sketchy as schizophrenic in terms of religion he always flip-flops back and forth between Catholic and Protestant measures but his church is always sort of more Catholic than more radical Protestant if that makes sense so some things about the Anglican Church under Henry were catholic some were Protestant for instance he supported the translation of the Bible into English which was a Lutheran beliefs but he did not allow clergy to marry he reinforced celibacy that was a Catholic belief not like Luther he supported an elaborate Catholic style liturgy that's obviously

34:29 Catholic but he denied the authority of the Pope that's like Lutheran so there was a lot of controversy about this new church that Henry founds which he founds for political and dynastic reasons not to do with belief in terms of theology the actual teachings on God it's pretty much the same as the Catholic Church so as we saw Henry the eighth broke off from the Catholic Church in the 1530s but the new Anglican Church that he found it was very deviated little from Catholic doctrine or ritual the only not the only but the biggest difference was that Henry was the new head the supreme

35:16 of the Church of England the head of the new Church of England was Henry and ruling under him were bishops just like the Catholic Church so Henry is a sort of quasi Pope however is after um Henry things would take a sort of turbulent turn and leaving out the longer story um there is a monarch in between Henry the eighth and Mary but he was a sort of weak sickly boy king called Edward the sixth we'll leave him out after the death of Henry

36:05 Henry's Henry's daughter with Catherine Mary Tudor would come to the throne Mary Tudor was a devout Catholic she was married to the Catholic king of Spain at the time tilith ii and basically Mary Tudor pulls England in absolutely the opposite direction as Henry Mary Tudor reinstated Roman Catholicism as the official state religion she erased everything that Henry had done and notoriously persecuted Protestants Mary was bitterly resented and hated by England among English Protestants however Mary died in 1558 and she would

36:54 be succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth Elizabeth was another daughter of Henry the eighth but with another wife so Elizabeth the first we've already met her but we need to really talk about her religious policy Elizabeth herself was personally a Protestant but she was a shrewd politician and she was determined to heal England's religious divisions obviously Henry through forms angered Catholics but Mary's reforms angered everybody else all of the Protestants and Elizabeth was a shrewd politician who was determined to eat heal England's religious divisions in her reign she

37:41 would forms forge a compromise between Catholics and and she also charted a middle ground between those who wanted to reform the church further and get rid of all elements of hierarchy and ritual and Catholic superstition so stated otherwise too many people in England many people in England thought Henry's Church was far too Catholic far too much hierarchy far too much ritual and they wanted it to be more Lutheran maybe it would even Puritan we haven't talked about that so as I said Elizabeth chartered a middle ground between people who wanted to reform the church further

38:29 and make it more Protestant than what Henry had done so under Elizabeth reforms the Anglican Church went further in the direction of being Protestant it became less Catholic more Protestant here's her reforms she allowed clerical marriage now clergymen Anglican priests were allowed to marry in the mass English replaced Latin in the mass under Henry's Church Latin was still the language of the mass and the sacraments were reformed under Henry's Church there were still seven sacraments like the Catholic Church but Elizabeth reforms

39:16 the sacraments to leave baptism and communion as the only two sacraments like Luther the Bible was still translated into English which Henry had allowed but likewise a new prayer book was published that made concessions to some of the more radical Protestant reformers it was called the Book of Common Prayer it's still the basis of the Anglican Mass today and the idea is that the prayers that were used were less quote/unquote Catholic less ritualistic a little bit more simple and Protestant however in terms of doctrine the teachings of the church there was still very little difference between the Anglican Church and Catholicism and

40:03 likewise in terms of the organization of the church and the hierarchy there were still bishops governing the church just like before just like the Catholic Church okay one other important Protestant variant that we have to talk about is Calvinism Calvinism will become very widespread throughout France Germany England Holland Scotland and hungry Calvin oh okay so John Calvin was born in France and like Luther before Luthor became a monk and a priest he was actually studying law but Calvin has a change of heart he's led to Geneva Switzerland after

40:51 becoming Protestant and his seminal book his important book is called Institutes of the Christian religion Institutes of the Christian religion so in a nutshell Calvin goes in the direction of Luther but is but is even more radical even more even more radical in his challenge of papal Authority and how the church should be organized so Luther and Calvin both agree upon two things the premise of scripture scripture should be the basis for everything in religion not institutions not things that the church has invented so the importance of Scripture and number two the

41:37 justification of salvation by faith alone however Luther and Calvin disagreed on the idea of predestination so this is very important to Calvin at the center of Calvinist theology is the idea or doctrine of predestination predestination this is the doctrine that God had predetermined all souls to salvation or damnation from the beginning of time so predestination was the the idea that God had predetermined also to salvation or damnation from the beginning of time and that no good works no sacraments no nothing you could do on

42:22 earth could help help those who had been determined to be safe to go to heaven were called quote/unquote the elect now predestination is very complicated to understand it leaves basically no free will according to Calvin's belief you have no free will because God had decided in the beginning who would be saved etc now predestination predestination is notoriously difficult to understand here's the paradox of Calvinism despite the fact that your own actions could do nothing to change your faith you could not earn your salvation through good works many believed that hard work thrift proper moral behavior regular

43:08 church attendance even your dress many believe that outward actions and signs could serve as signs that one was perhaps one of the elect chosen for salvation so I'll say that again despite the fact that your own actions could do nothing to change your fate many Calvinists believe that there were certain outward signs signals that could show that maybe you were one of the elect chosen for salvation you would never really know but these signs included proper moral behavior regular church attendance hardwork thrift and a sober sort of dress okay so Calvin

43:54 believed that it was the duty of the elect to transform society morally spiritually and politically and he believed that the elect were to be the moral and political leaders of society as an example for everyone else in practice okay what Calvin was calling for was a theocracy church and state should go hand in hand which is exactly what happens in Protestant New England in the new Calvin set up his church in Geneva and Switzerland and the most powerful organization in Calvin's Geneva was the consistory the consistory was a group of

44:41 pastors and lay elders so that means they're not priests they're just regular people a group of pastors and lay elders called presbyters and this group the consistory the pastors and lay elders were charged with ensuring the welfare of the city and maintaining a strict code of moral behavior so in practice this consistory lay down a very strict moral law it was made up of pastors and laypeople and in practice the consistory sought out and fought religious dissenters they forbade drink they forbade drunkenness they forbade prevent profanity gambling

45:29 adultery fighting they regulated church attendance they crack down on premarital sex so in a nutshell the consistory consisted of people who lay down a very strict moral rules it's also interesting to note that governance of the church is not in the hands of bishops but more or less everyday people these laypeople not priests Calvinists thought sought the participation of all believers in church affairs and governance it's not bishops and stress the ability of all believers to read the Bible in Geneva Calvin instituted a strict Protestant community regulating strict morality and

46:17 discipline that provided for the cooperation of church and secular commuters secular I'm sorry that provided for the cooperation of church and secular rulers rulers in overseeing communal morality in Calvin's viva public immune amusements like drink Theater dances dice and card names card games gambling were outlawed because they believe these led to immoral behavior and a waste of time Calvin established a Academy to Train pastors and Calvin's ideas spread rapidly throughout Europe

47:05 Calvinism became the dominant religion in Switzerland in parts of Germany in Holland and Scotland there were very very large numbers of Calvinists in England also in France and in England Calvin's followers became known as Puritans okay so it involved a great deal of explanation and background I'm afraid to bring us to this England's religious minorities you can't really understand these religious minority groups without understanding the Protestant Reformation so I needed to

47:50 tell you all of that to get to this okay so here's the religious groups in England the Church of England the Anglican Church this is the church founded by Henry the eighth called the Church of England the official state religion of England as we mentioned it was still very similar to Catholicism in terms of its theology and doctrine and ritual Elizabeth had made many of its practices more Protestant had reforms and the practices but it was still governed by bishops it still had a hierarchical organization after Henry's religious Reformation Catholics are now

48:36 a persecuted minority in England Catholics were subject to religious persecution they were subject to loss of civil rights and they were regarded as a dangerous enemy keep in mind that England was involved in an ongoing war with Spain during much of this time and English Catholics were associated with the Spanish Catholic enemy English Catholics were called papist like you know from Pope it's a slander English Catholics were called papist they were associated with foreign absolutist governments like Spain and France and English Catholics were believed to be not patriotic not

49:21 loyal they were believed to be Allegiant to a foreign international power the Pope and not England okay so here's where our study the Protestant Reformation comes into play Puritans Puritans are basically English Calvinists okay so they're influenced by the teachings of John Calvin Puritans were a were a unhappy religious group even after Elizabeth Puritans felt that Elizabeth's religious settlement had not gone far enough that the church needed to be further purified they believed that religion

50:07 should be based on an individual study of the Bible and they objected to what they saw as Catholic ritual in the Anglican Church so here you can see a slide by slide comparison of a Catholic Church and a Puritan Church from the new world the Puritans believed that there was still too much Catholic ritual Catholic Catholic art Catholic decoration in the Anglican Church and that remaining vestiges of Catholicism needed to be purified needed to be simplified for instance Puritans

50:54 objected to the sign of the Cross at Mass kneeling at communion they objected to elaborate vestments clothing worn by priests they elaborate too they objected to elaborate organ music they objected to the elaborate fig Yule figural art the depiction of saints etc Puritans English Puritans also demanded the abolition the end of the authority of bishops and Archbishop's in the English church they wanted a Presbyterian Calvinist style of government whereby laypeople would govern the church so to

51:42 reiterate what I said before Puritans wanted to further purify the English church the Church of England they believed that Elizabeth had not gone far enough and basically they were English Calvinists they believed in all of the ideas of John Calvin predestination they believed in Calvin's strict moral code the morality police thing etc in the new world Puritans would famously found the Massachusetts Bay Colony even more radical than the Puritans were separatists separatist were even more disillusioned with the Anglican Church than Puritans and felt that there was no hope of purifying the Anglican Church the Puritans wanted to

52:28 purify the English church from within and actually not break off separatist believed that they had to separate from the Anglican Church altogether they had to form a new church and form a completely new congregation finally the most radical group of all was the Society of Friends popularly known as the Quakers the Society friends were founded by George Fox who began preaching in 1649 and had almost a hundred thousand followers by 1665 the Quakers preached that religion was a matter of individual conscience and many

53:15 institutions like Church's doctrine ritual use were all obstacles to true faith in the Quaker religion there were no priests and it was a sort of total challenge to the religion and political status quo Quakers were pacifists they refused to pay taxes they refused to serve in the military and refused to show respect to political and religious authority by taking off their hats no matter who they met with the king or anyone um let's see so we'll talk about the Quakers a little bit more later but let's just say they're the most radical religious sect of all and challenged hierarchy in all

54:06 of its forms in religion and politics no priest they simply had meetings and meeting houses okay so that's um our overview of England's religious minorities the background of the Protestant Reformation and now we'll look at how this actually plays out in the founding of the colonies in the