Acids Bases and Salts | Class 10 full Chapter | Class 10 Science Chapter 2 in Animation

0:00 Hello everyone this is the second video of this series in this video we will understand the second chapter of class 10th science which is acids bases and salts. Like the previous chapter, we will understand this chapter too in a very short time through the best possible animation so that it can help you guys in the board exams. So look, till now we have hardly heard the name of acid or base but we have definitely heard the name of salt because we think that salt is only that which we use in our food and daily life but in this chapter you will get to know some such things that you will be shocked and surprised after knowing it. We will understand this chapter in the form of a story by connecting topics to topics. So let's start

0:47 [music] So first of all we will understand about acids. So acids are those substances which are sour in taste and they release a positive ion in aqueous solution. You can simply understand aqueous solution as water solution i.e. when acids dissolve in water then They release H positive ions. Along with this, the acids turn the blue litmus paper red. After this, we have to see the types of acids. We will see the types of acids on three bases, which are on the basis of aroma, on the basis of strength and on the basis of concentration. On the basis of aroma, there are

1:35 two types of acids, which are organic acids and inorganic acids. Organic acids are those acids which are naturally present, for example, citric acid which is found in lemon. On the other hand, inorganic acids are those acids which are not naturally present, we prepare them ourselves, for example, hydrochloric acid. Similarly, on the basis of strength also, there are two types of acids, which are strong acids and weak acids. Those acids which completely dissociate, that is, they completely dissolve in its aqueous solution. We have just read about aqueous solution that These are those solutions in which water is the solvent, i.e. such

2:22 solutions in which water is present in large quantity, so what we mean to say is that strong acids get completely dissociated in aqueous solution or we can understand strong acids in this way that those acids which after dissolving in aqueous solution release a large quantity of h positive ions, for example, hydrochloric acid hc2 ao4, on the other hand, weak acids are those acids which upon complete dissolution or we can say that weak acids are those acids which release positive ions in aqueous solution, for example, formic acid hco3 cooh-cooh

3:12 [music] is present in less quantity and these are quite thick and that is why these are also called pure acids, for example, concentrated hydrochloric acid, so if the term concentrated comes somewhere, then you have to understand that it is a pure acid and there But dilute acids are those acids in which the quantity of solute or water is a little more and they are a little thin in nature, for example dilute hydrochloric acid, concentrated acids and dilute acids

3:59 can be simply understood that concentrated acids are those acids in which acid is present in more quantity and water is less, whereas dilute acids are those acids in which the quantity of acid is less and the quantity of water is more, next we have to see the dilution of acids, so dilution of acids means diluting the acid or diluting them because we know that concentrated acids which are very thick are very harmful and explosive, so they are made diluted for use, so in diluting the acid, that is, while diluting them, we take water in a container, then slowly add acid to it and we do this to

4:46 avoid explosion because if If we add water to acid instead of adding acid to water, then explosion can happen. So after understanding acids, now we have to understand bases. Bases are those substances which are bitter in taste and they release O negative ions in aqueous solution. That is, when we saw the types of bases dissolving in aqueous solution, first it is on the basis of arcane. So on the basis of arcane, there are two types of bases, which are organic base and inoff base. So organic bases are

5:34 those bases which are naturally present on earth. For example, pyridine and inoff base are those bases which are not naturally present on earth. We have to prepare them ourselves, for example, sodium hydroxide. After this, we have to see the types of bases on the basis of strength. So on the basis of strength, there are two types of bases, which are strong base and weak base. So strong bases are those bases which are completely dissociated. These bases are dissolved in aqueous solution or these are those bases which release large quantity of O negative ions when they dissolve in aqueous solution,

6:29 for example NH3 ammonia. After this we have to look at the type of bases on the basis of concentration. So on the basis of concentration there are two types of bases which are concentrated base and diluted base. So concentrated bases are those bases in which the quantity of base is very high and the quantity of water is less, that is, these are thick bases, for example concentrated and the quantity of water is high, for example dilute NA0. The thing that you have to remember is that all the bases which are soluble in water are called alkalis. So not all bases are soluble in water, but

7:16 all the bases which are soluble in water are called alkalis. This means that all are alkali bases, but all bases They are not alkali and you have to remember this, this has been asked many times in the exam, so we have understood the properties and types of acid and base, now we have to see how we will know whether a particular compound is acid or base, so we come to know this with the help of indicators, so indicators are such chemical substances that tell us whether the substance we are testing is an acid or a base by changing its own color or smell, these indicators are mainly of three types which we have to look at, so first are natural indicators, so

8:02 we can know from their name itself that these are those indicators which are directly present in nature, for example litmus, turmeric etc., so when litmus comes in contact with acid, it becomes red and when litmus comes in contact with base, it becomes blue and similarly when turmeric comes in contact with acid, it remains yellow and when it comes in contact with base, it becomes blue. When it comes in contact with acid, it becomes red. After this, the second type of indicators is synthetic indicators. These are those indicators which are not naturally present in nature. We have to prepare them ourselves. For example, methyl orange and

8:48 phenol orange are orange in colour and whenever they come in contact with acid, they become red and when they come in contact with base, they become yellow. Similarly, phenol is colourless and when they come in contact with acid, they remain colourless and when they come in contact with base, they become pink. After this, the third type of indicators are all factory indicators. These are such indicators which tell us with the help of their smell whether the substance is acidic or basic or we can say that these are those indicators whose smell changes differently with acid and base. For example, onion

9:35 and Vanilla essence, onion and vanilla essence have their own natural smell. So the smell of onion remains the same in acids but the smell of onion disappears in basic medium. Similarly, the smell of vanilla essence remains the same with acids, but it does not smell with bases. So, after understanding the types of acids and indicators, now we have to see the chemical properties of acids and bases. Their first reaction is reaction with metals. So, first we have to see the reaction of acids with metals. So, the acids react with metals to form salt and hydrogen gas. For example, hydrochloric acid plus zinc gives zinc chloride and

10:22 H2 gas. So, you can see in this reaction that H2, which is an acid, is reacting with metals to form zinc chloride, which is a salt, and hydrogen gas is also being released. Just like acids, the bases also react with metals to form salt and hydrogen gas. For example, sodium hydroxide which is a base, when it reacts with zinc, sodium zincate which is a salt is formed and hydrogen gas is released as you can see in this reaction. So we have seen that when metal reacts with acid or base, salt and hydrogen gas is formed but how will we find out that hydrogen is also being formed in this reaction, that is,

11:09 how will we test hydrogen, so we can find out that this hydrogen gas is being released by bringing a burning candle near hydrogen. When the burning candle is brought near hydrogen, it explodes with a pop sound and we come to know that hydrogen is being released here. After this, there is another chemical reaction which is reaction with metal carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonate. So the acids react with both metal carbonate and metal hydrogen carbonate to form salt, carbon dioxide and water. We can also see examples of this, when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium carbonate, which There is a metal carbonate, so

11:59 you can see it in this reaction and similarly you should also see this reaction, in this hydrochloric acid is reacting with sodium hydrogen carbonate which is a metal hydrogen carbonate, so in this reaction you have seen with metal carbonate and metal hydrogen carbonates, but the bases do not react with metal carbonate and metal hydrogen carbonate, so in this reaction we saw that carbon dioxide gas is being formed, so now we will see how we come to know that

12:46 CO2 gas is coming out here, so for this also we do a test which is CO2 test which is also called lime water test, so in this test we pass carbon dioxide gas through lime water which is COH2, so you see when CO2 gas passes through lime water which is colorless, then caCO3 is formed which has a milky appearance, then from this caCO3 which is a byte precipitator access CO2 passes, then this CO3 i.e. calcium carbonate gets converted into calcium bicarbonate which is a colorless solution. And the

13:33 milkiness of calcium carbonate disappears when CO2 is passed through it. So, you see, in this reaction, when CO2 is passed through lime water which is colourless, it gets converted into CaCO3 which has a white milky appearance. Then, when CO2 is passed through CaCO3, it gets converted into calcium carbonate which is colourless. So, this tells us that CO2 is being passed in this reaction. After this, the next chemical reaction is the reaction of acid and base with each other, i.e., the reaction of acid and base with each other. So, when acid and base react with each other, salt and water are formed. For example, when hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide react with each other,

14:29 it is called neutralisation reaction. And in this reaction, H positive and O negative ions evolve in the formation of water. After this, the next chemical reaction is the reaction of metallic oxides with acids, i.e., the reaction of metal oxides with acids. So, these metal oxides are basic in nature. For example magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, etc. So when acids react with metal oxides, salt and water are formed. For example, when hydrochloric acid reacts with calcium oxide, calcium chloride is formed, which is a salt and water is also formed. After this, we have to see the reaction of non-metallic oxides with bases, i.e. the reaction of bases with non-metallic oxides.

15:15 These non-metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature. So when bases react with non-metallic oxides, salt and water are formed. For example, when hydroxide reacts with CO2, which is a non-metallic oxide, calcium carbonate is formed, which is a salt and water is also formed. So these were some chemical reactions of acids and bases that we had to study. After this, we have to see what do all acids and bases have in common. So first we will see what is common in all acids. So all acids The common thing is that all acids contain H positive ions, but the quantity of H positive ions varies in different acids. For example, strong acids contain

16:04 more H positive ion form, whereas weak acids contain less H positive ion form. Along with this, this H positive ion is responsible for the acidic properties in acids. So these were all the common things of acids. After this, we have to see the common things of all bases. Like all acids contain H positive ions, similarly all bases contain O negative ions, but the quantity of O negative ions is different in different bases. Like strong bases produce more O negative ions, whereas weak bases release less O negative ions and these O negative ions are responsible for the basic properties in bases. Next, we have to see acids and bases in

16:51 water solution, i.e. what happens when acids and bases are put in water. So acids contain H positive ions. And when they dissolve in water they form ions. Now you must be thinking that acids have h positive ion but why does it form h3o positive hydronium ion when it goes into water. This happens because h positive ion does not exist alone, so it forms hydronium ion. So when acids dissolve in water, we know that bases have o negative ions and when they dissolve in water they form

17:43 mixtures which show different colours. At different concentrations of h positive ions in any solution, we call pH universal indicators. So pH means power of hydrogen or potential of hydrogen. So pH is in the form of a scale which looks something like this. In pH scale there is numbering from one to 14 and with the help of this numbering we can tell or find out whether any substance is acidic or basic or salt. So if the pH value of any substance is less than seven then it is acidic and if the pH value of any substance is more than seven then it is acidic. If the pH value of a substance is more than seven, then it is basic. On the other hand, if the pH value of a substance is exactly seven, then that

18:29 substance is neutral or salt. Along with this, the pH scale shows different colors for different numbers. Here, one important thing that you have to remember is that the lower the pH value of a substance, the stronger the acid it will be and the more red color it will show. On the other hand, if the pH value of a substance is higher, then that substance will be a stronger base and the more dark blue color it will show. We can understand this in a more simple way that if the pH value of a substance is between one to three, then it will be a strong acid and its color will be red. And if the pH value of a substance is between three to six, then it is a strong acid and its color is between orange or yellow. And

19:16 if the pH value of a substance is exactly seven, then it is a base. If it is neutral, that is, it is salt, its color in the pH scale is green and similarly, if the pH value of a substance is between 8 to 11, then it is a weak base and its normal color in the pH scale is blue. Whereas, if the pH value of a substance is between 11 to 14, then it is a strong base and its color is dark blue or violet type. So, we have understood the pH scale and its working very well that with the help of pH scale, how can we find out whether any substance is an acid, a base or a salt, or whether it is a strong acid or a weak base, we can find out all this, but along with this, the pH is also very important in our daily life

20:02 and now we have to look at those importance, so the first importance in this is that our body works effectively between the pH 7 to 7.8, that is, our human body works effectively when the body's pH is between 7 to 8. pH of rain is between 5.6 to 7.8 and whenever there is any change in this pH, our body does not work effectively. Next is pH of rain less than 5.6 is called acid rain. Whenever the pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain, due to which water gets spoiled. So with the help of pH, we can find out whether water is contaminated or not. The third importance of pH is tooth decay starts when pH of mouth becomes less than

20:49 5.5. That is, when the pH of our mouth becomes less than 5.5, our teeth start getting spoiled. So with the help of pH, we can save our teeth from getting spoiled. Next is plants need a specific pH for their healthy growth. So the plants grow well only at a specific pH. So with the help of pH, we can check the pH of a particular soil and find out which particular plant will grow well in which soil. So after understanding pH well, now we understand Now coming to the third part of this chapter which is salts, salts are compounds which are formed by the neutralization reaction between acid and base. So when acid and base react with each other, salt is formed

21:36 and water is also produced. For example, when hydrochloric acid and sodium oxide react with each other, then sodium chloride is formed. Similarly, other elements also have their own salts like calcium chloride, potassium chloride etc. After this, we have to look at the chemicals of salts, that is, chemicals form salts. There are mainly five chemicals in salts which are sodium hydroxide, bleaching powder, baking soda, washing soda and plaster of

22:21 Paris, which we have to understand one by one. So first of all, sodium hydroxide is also called caustic soda. Its formula is n. After this, its preparation. When naclo4 is formed, after looking at its formation, now we look at its uses. Sodium hydroxide is used in making soap and detergent. It is also used in manufacturing all refineries. So these were

23:09 some uses of sodium hydroxide. After this, we have to look at the second compound of salts, which is bleaching powder. The chemical name of this compound is calcium hypo chloride and its chemical formula is caocl2. If we talk about its preparation or formation, then it is formed when chlorine is added to draw slaked lime i.e.

23:58 in bleaching industries. And it is also used as a disinfectant in drinking water, i.e. this bleaching powder protects the water from getting affected. After this, the third compound of salts is named baking soda. Its chemical name is sodium hydrogen carbonate and its chemical formula is nahco3. And if we talk about its formation, then when salt water carbon dioxide reacts with ammonia, then sodium hydrogen carbonate and ammonium chloride are formed. So, look at this reaction. In this, naclo3 and ammonia combine to form sodium hydrogen carbonate, nahco3 and ammonium chloride. nh4cl is forming so baking soda is a

24:45 very important compound therefore we should also know its properties so this baking soda is very soft its melting point is 50 degree celsius it is basic in nature but it is a mild base i.e. it is a non corrosive base and when it is heated during cooking it decomposes into sodium carbonate na2 co3 water and carbon dioxide after this we see the uses of baking soda so baking soda is used in making cold drinks and fire exchangers along with it it is used as an ingredient in medicines so we have just seen that baking soda is basic in nature so we can

25:36 also use it as an ingredient in making powders in medicines that neutralise the effect of acid this baking powder is also an important compound but now we will talk about its We will not go into detailing, we will just see how it is formed. Whenever tartaric acid is added to baking soda, it gets converted into baking powder and this baking powder is used to make breads and cakes soft and spongy. After this, the fourth chemical of salts is washing soda. The chemical formula of washing soda is na2 co3 10h 2o, which means sodium carbonate with 10 molecules of water. To understand the process of its formation, we have to go back when we saw in the properties of baking soda that when baking soda is heated, it

26:21 breaks down into sodium carbonate water and co2. Washing soda is formed by continuing this process further. So when this sodium carbonate comes in contact with 10 water molecules, then washing soda na2 co3 10h 2o is formed. Along with this, this washing soda has many important uses, such as it is used in glass soap and paper industries. It is also used as a cleaning agent in homes and its most important function is that it is used to remove the hardness of water. Lastly, we have to see the last chemical of salts which is plaster of Paris which is also called POP. Its chemical formula is caso4 1/2 h2o. So

27:08 when gypsum is heated at 100 degrees Celsius, it loosens the water molecule and gets converted into PO. So the formula of gypsum is caso4 2h 2o. So when it is heated at 100 degrees Celsius, it gets converted into POP. After this, if we talk about its uses, then it is used to make the surface smooth. You must have often seen that when we get putting done on the walls, then that putting is nothing but POP. Apart from this, it is used to make toys, idols, decoration material. Along with this, it is used in hospitals for plastering fractured bones. To support this, that's all in today's video.

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