Atomic Structure | Full Chapter in ONE SHOT | Chapter 2 | Class 11 Chemistry 🔥

0:00 Ath Cheva Mi Mm Dharmam Sangramam Na Karishya Se Tata Swadharma Kirti Cha Tawa Papam Vasi [music]

0:55 Hey ga welcome u largest and the most Physics It is not possible that I can tell you all He cannot get the questions answered, you have to understand them yourself

1:47 The second thing is that I am not going to give much importance to theory here. I will try to explain it better From very heavy concepts to quantum And a little extra from that will give you a nice Thomson's atomic model is similar to Rutherford's master will then wave nature of

2:39 Particle Nature of Electromagnetic about radiation then imagen and The atomic model will come and its drawbacks will come then de broy louis de broy not de Broglie de Broye De Broye Sir's You can see a lot of configurations My speed is a little fast

3:35 let's start again so let's start with the discovery of the sub atomic that those particles Particles Ch Made Up We call them sub-atomic

4:29 Not there. to know and because of that curiosity Did you prove or not brother that the atom is indivisible Those separate electrons and protons are visible Neutron is made up of these and today If I tell you, then protons and neutrinos are atomic particles i.e. electrons

5:18 Before that, we need to understand two things You need to understand the setup of the experiment listen to me carefully you will understand there is a metal electrode here theek hai na and imagine that there is another metal electrode here which is electrode is your positive terminal and a metal electrode

6:03 is connected to your negative terminal

7:28 pressure low pressure that is 001 am and 10 key - Created low pressure as low as 6 ATM Inside the gas discharge tube and a high

16:58 If we supply energy then absorption of It emits light on energy but this Fluorescent is very intentional Phosphorescent Substances in Hindi what happens you gave it energy I absorbed this light after a while will emit that is phosphorescence so there is a delay ok so once you get this thing back I will revise it, I hope that you You understood this much but please revise it once Let me get it done so now what have we done here We have put a glass seal here I have taken the discharge tube which we call Bote Gas Discharge Tube Inside Our A metal electrode near the negative linked to the terminal we'll call the cathode which is linked to positive, we basically call it We will call it anode. Now whatever gas we took here we are trying to create a low pressure inside it what will you do with the vacuum pump for that gas will take out a low pressure region

17:59 atoms are those positively charged gas ions and the electrons get separated, this is done The charged gas is ice because here we have

19:43 A very sharp shadow is created here. A very sharp shadow will be formed here Do you understand that its shadow will be formed here If it gets stuck then its shadow will come here you can see a melties cross here a this If I'm telling you for th race then

26:59 most important Postlateral Race Experiment Lots People did it now like Crook and so on So he believed that the cathode rays isn't this is nothing but a radiant matter or Ather waves automatically take you to wave nature are Thomson sahab came and he said now I I will prove what this is When he proved the experiment What did Mr Thomson charge to the masses? cathode ray ratio measured Thomson measured Thomson measured the charge to the mass ratio of Cathode race by measuring their diffraction under the Simultaneous Influence of External The electric and the magnetic field, that is

27:45 External electric and magnetic fields What did he major in in the presence of The charge to mass ratio is measured i.e. our cathode ray which is getting deflected under the similar influence of The electric and magnetic fields are what did they do charge to mass ratio what did you remove from the cathode rays charge to the mass ratio of cathode ray by Measuring their deflection under the symmetry Necessary influence of external electric and magnetic field i.e. charge to mass Brother, you found out the ratio of cathode rays and That is when the external electric and Your cathode rays are caused by magnetic fields The fun thing here is getting deflected that whatever the charge to mass ratio here

28:30 It was coming, you can take any gas in between Take it or any other material The charge to mass ratio is same i.e. here But you can buy any gas here. You can take any cathode material, observations, that is, the charge to mass ratio yes that is completely same very important This becomes a pointer, that is, the point which we have here they are talking about the thing fundamentals are present in everything, hey you You can take any gas, any cathode I took the material but your observation it is the same i.e. whatever thing is here cathode race She is making it present in everything, right? in any gas in any cathode material Present

29:15 so this ratio is independent of the nature of the cathode and the gas in the discharge tube Brother Sir Bhai Saheb the conclusion is so heavy This is so heavy loose that it proves that all the gases taken were made up from Negatively Charged Fundamental Particles Thomson called these particles as corpuscles All Gases end cathode material So what does this prove that whatever you have gases right all the gases and the Cathode material is basically made up of Made up of the negatively charged fundamental

30:03 particles that are called as the corpuscles Bye Thomson so you can take any gas or any other Brother take the cathode material, it is the same It is giving the same charge to mass ratio This means that there is no fundamental particle which is present in all the gases and at all the cathode The material is available from Thomson sahab It was named Corpal and this charge Mass ratio came to us, how much did it come -1.75 or -1.75 * 10 ray to the power 11 coulomb But we have this much in kilograms came but this same thing is for your anode race not with charge to mass ratio for anode Race depends upon the nature of the gas and is

30:50 laser than the e ba a of electron now here The game has turned upside down here if you press the gas If it changes then the charge to mass ratio will also change If any fundamental particle is present here The discovery was not made by this experiment It is wrongly stated that Agan Golden had From here the proton was discovered, when Here, the charge to mass ratio is the denominator of anode rage. If he is coming separately for gas then he is here Bhai sahib how can you tell me it depends upon the nature of gas will change Its charge to mass ratio will change So you can't say that there is anybody here It is a fundamental particle that is present in everything yes you can't draw this conclusion okay no and the charge to mass ratio here is That's basically the charge to mass ratio there is less than electron now friend you are in the gas ice

31:37 If you are talking about it then obviously it is about gas Everybody knows what the mass of Ayesha will be if the mass is much greater than that of an electron then in the denominator is charge by mass The ratio will always be what will come, its less In comparison because below is the mass then gas What is the mass of an isotrope obviously compared to that of an electron? it will be a lot that's why the ratio is What does it bring? It brings less, right? Sunil Bhaiya these are small things it is important Well one more doubt can come in your mind Sunil Bhaiya, something about neutral gas There must be atoms that are lying here, what are they I will tell you what I will do to hear from him what he will do and that's why I He said that you can use any gas or cathode material If you take it, it is made of fundamental particles

32:24 If it is then consider the atoms of neutral gas You read here, do not ionize everything There might be some sitting here initially particles so these are the electrons that accelerate It happens, assume it to be a neutral gas of atom these electrons get accelerated It has come out from here in the middle Atom of neutral gas was found by dropping it Will you fight with him like this or will you lick him by tapping him it will hit you and what will it do to the electron will pull out this will pull out the electron He will throw her out and take her with him here If that atom of the neutral gas goes away whose electron takes this electron then it becomes a positively charged gas ion If he goes here again then that's why Positively charged gas ions go here They remove electrons from here the electrons are going further here between them Let us assume that we have found atoms of neutral gas. will collide with them and their electrons

33:11 we will take it out with us and they positively charged gas will be formed again if it comes here then it is continuously a The process continues, it is technically It is called town send discharge cyclic The process goes on okay a little extra is enough I know it is important but that's why you I will tell you, look ahead, quickly, quickly, ahead See this quickly now out of the box There are important points which I will tell you I'm here see the corp sale which was Thomson named it as it was later named as the electron after the particle pochle by GJ Stoney in 187 so GJ Stoney sahab gave a research paper in 1874 and He said that in future if any particle like this If it has a characteristic then please name it Keeping electrons and this property corpus that's why her name was selected as elector

33:58 the second credit for the Discovery of electron goes to JJ Thomson who determines the charge by mass ratio of the cathode rays and he proved that Everything is made of gases and the cathode material Upside of a fundamental particle called corp Cell then Agan Golden Perform the Anode Ray experiment gets the credit for this but This Dozen Led to the Discovery of Protons Absolutely right Agan Golden sahab anode ray I admit I experimented with it Why weren't protons discovered? Hey you Everyone could not prove the fundamental nature The charge by mass ratio of the gas is different So how can you fundamentally say that all gases If I am present then it must have gone wrong, right?

34:44 So the credit goes to Mr Rutherford Why did Rutherford discover the alpha particle I will just tell you later on Alpha what are the particles two protons and The species with two neutrons is called alpha The particle is called the atom of nitrogen But what happened to the nitrogen atom The hydrogen nucleus came out and when the hydrogen nucleus comes out They are actually nothing but protons Rutherford Bambadekar is also called atom and hydrogen nucleus that is the Lightest and smallest positive ion was ejected which was named as proton Now this was said by Mr Rutherford

35:31 that in 1813, 1814, there was a man called Prout who gave his hypothesis Hypothesis Now prove your hypothesis what he says he says that every the element which is there either one in it or doti cha pa 6 sa 89 10 11 12 so Hydrogen is Prout said in 1813-1814 that if every element is an integral multiple of hydrogen means every element that is Doti 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 from this much hydrogen It is still there but did anyone listen to him? No longer is Rutherford influenced by his words When Rutherford did the experiment So Rutherford hit the alpha particles

36:19 on the nitrogen atom and came out He found the hydrogen nucleus Proud was saying so right that Avery The element is made up of hydrogen So there is a hydrogen nucleus here The hydrogen nucleus has now come out What is the lightest and the smallest Positive Ions isn't it it was ejected and was named as Proton Now this is the history of the name Proton because Rutherford wanted his name The name of the prout was changed to the prout on i.e. Prout's Particle Approved Name Proton okay so this is the Discovery The credit goes to Mr Rutherford The credit for the next particle after that goes to James Chadwick in 1932 who has a neutral particle Discovered what we call the neutron

37:07 Now how did neutrons discover beryllium The metal which is beryllium is alpha The particles were bombarded with alpha Bombarding the particles onto beryllium beryllium has alpha particles on it If a bomb is installed then it will generate a neutral radiation came out i.e. neutral particles came out Come Now these neutral particles are called paraffin. If an incident is done on wax then paraffin Protons came out of the wax, I understood This beryllium absorbs the alpha particles on it what did you get out of this neutral Heavy particles are neutral particles If a paraffin wax incident is done then If the protons come out of the paraffin wax Initially, whoever started this experiment Both and Backer performed it

37:53 He said that this neutral radiation is outside gamma rays are coming out But here sir James Chadwick explains that there are no gamma rays because gamma rays the photons of s do not have enough power to make the protons take it out from the paraffin wax Obviously this is a very heavy particle But the neutral particle is the neutral end very heavy particles which were called as the neutrons so these are neutral and heavy as soon as they were particles what did we do to them on paraffin wax take out the ejectors Do you understand this, accept it from me Beryllium is a metal that has alpha particles got it blocked because of this it is basically neutral and Heavy particles came out from both backer and backer said that these are gamma rays photons but These can't be gamma rays photons

38:39 Because gamma rays have very few photons There is mass, right? So basically what is mass? particles you can say masses and charged particles so they're basically here if you don't have the strength to remove the proton Can you tell a fly to move a billiard ball? it is not possible or the football will fly if it is not possible to move then here It was said that the neutral particles which are They are very heavy because they have so much power What can be done with paraffin wax they're ejecting protons Paraffin Max is a petroleum product It is like petrol, diesel and kerosene Well it is a petroleum product Paraffin wax is okay so all these pointers you should remember let's go after this We get the oil drop from Milkan snake Experian Milken Oil Drop

39:24 Experiment Now Milkon Sap Oil Drop What does experiment tell us? Let us know about this thing This is a very good experiment, it helps From this we have mass and charge of electron Identification what's inside we have oil right so atomizer contains oil that is used to Spray fine oil droplets in to the top chamber of the atomizer I have oil for this

40:13 Dabang is the oil which is here in the form of droplets in which format will it come out in the format of droplets i.e. a way From this you can understand that it will come in mist form Which form is the mist form outside okay little one what will come here small droplets of oil it what do we have small droplets of Oil Small Droplets Of In which form is the oil available? In mist form, Small droplets will come to you, listen to me Do you understand like this what is the big deal with this basically it is like this In spray format In mist format I see oil droplets coming out here.

41:00 it will go fine so containing oil that is Used to spray the fine oil droplets in to the top chamber of the upet okay now here but because we have a hole this is our what is nearby there is a hole here so this is something What will the oil droplets do from here try to go down as well What will some oil droplets do? try to get off this plate will try to come to this particular part I will try it, I will definitely come Now see what will happen if you come here Oil droplets fall inside the chamber through the So here we sprayed the hole with an atomizer Mist the drops of kara oil This oil droplet in format from here It will come downwards, now look carefully Here my friend you turn on the x-ray

41:46 Who will you switch on? Will you switch on the x-ray? If you do this then you will ionize the air here gave into positively charged gas is and the negatively charged electron the gas that we have here or here You have taken the air that we have positively end your electrons in charged gas ice I ionized with the help of X you raised it, yes you definitely did it have done it yes we have done it okay now like if you have already done this then what is here It would be good if this x-ray had come then It had arrived exactly approximating 18995 Around You William Carl Wrongton Discovery of X-rays with the help of Cathode race is ok na for knowledge I am telling now here we have a positively charged

42:34 gas ices and what we have is electrons What is positively charged gas ice and we have electrons so this is positively charged gas ices and electrons Here we talk about that what will the electrons do here what do the electrons do here what do electrons do to this oil sticks to the droplet okay so the electron surrounds the oil Drop Plates and Making Them Negatively When charged, this oil drop is placed on top of the plate. what do electrons do they get stuck and make it negatively charged ok now let's see what we do here As soon as we came to know that this it has become negatively charged what are we doing here Do because it is a positively charged plate

43:20 and this is the negatively charged plate this one it So if you measure the voltage like this set the type it's negative and it is negative then it exerts a force of You might be feeling repulsion if you do too much Here force o means very high voltage If you apply it, then this oil droplet will It will go back up if you lower the voltage If you apply it then this droplet will come down There is no problem, you will understand what I am saying Are you not understanding what I am saying I want it, okay, why would it come down Because of the force of gravity hey gravity Things come down because of attraction Brother, if your voltage is very low then this what will come down because of gravity But if you have high voltage here i.e. the voltage is applied in this manner set the negative voltage to very high so it will go all the way up but you

44:06 If the voltage is set such that The force of gravity is felt below and this which applies force due to electric field It is happening, you understand that this balance should be achieved Look, the force of gravity is acting on this drop if it is there then it will come down now you you are negatively charged you are negatively charged The electric field above it is Apply whatever force you have so that this thing is right in the middle If he is suspended then this is possible only that When the force of gravity and the force of t The electric field should be balanced So we have to set its voltage in this manner to do will mean that the force of repulsion acting on it It seems to balance the force of gravity do it okay so the voltage the voltage Across the plates will be adjusted in such a way the way that the oil droplets starts to

44:53 Suspended in the air, you understand this suspend me in the air at a point if The voltage you have here is low so what will happen is basically this is going to go down will come because the force of gravity is here but what happened it will bring you down but if you apply very high voltage here i.e. the electric force which you give Due to the electric field it is very high This is negative, the negative is repelling it if it is then this droplet will go up but If you balance it perfectly Because of which the force due to gravity and force due to the electric field of your When the balance is achieved, these droplets are released into the air What will you do, you will suspend her now, right Maan? At what point do we suspend At what point will it suspend it will suspend it when both of your Forces Due to Gravity and Force What will be equal due to electric field

45:39 everyone will agree so Oil droplets suspended in air when these Both forces will be equal on this Force due to gravity acts downward and the force to electric field Now it looks like this is the same point upwards But it will only survive if what basically happens What happens when both forces are balanced If you don't understand this now, If you are still having it then let me tell you one more time, look at this Look carefully at your oil droplets is for example right and what is above it the electrons are now silent due to which The oil droplet has become negative now Look carefully, it looks like this from top to bottom is farce due to gravity and upwards Feeling Furious Due to Electric Field because it is repelling it repelling negatively charged droplets and gravity is pulling so now if here now if your force due here

46:27 to gravity is greater than the force due to electric field then what is the oil droplet oil will fall down Droplet Will Fall is the first thing and force is the second thing Due to gravity is less than the force Due to the electric field it is much if yes then oil Droplet Will Move up oil droplet will move upwards butt but third case third case if oil When will we get the droplet suspended? will suspend when these two forces balance If it happens then it is suspended here in the air will start doing Now what is the benefit to us from this suspension

47:13 By making it float in the air from one place I will tell you what is the benefit to us by stopping I will tell you now see if you are a small calculation here See so there is force due to gravity age right which is basically due to gravity or wait say it happens mass times the Acceleration due to gravity and force Due to the electric field that we apply kara hai that is the q times q times the If there is an electric field then the force due to Electric field is charge times the Electric Field and Force of Gravity And the wait is mass times the acceleration due to gravity now what is the benefit to us See will be mass times the acceleration due to

47:59 gravity is equals to Charge times the electric field now the mass times the acceleration due to gravity by q sorry bye bye e will give us q now this mass of droplet is basically How will it be calculated using terminal Velocity is calculated by giving you the Do not go into too much depth using terminal velocity the mass of the droplet is calculated this we know this we know acceleration due to gravity this is what we called I have applied, know as it is We have applied this, right? Electric Field apply okay so this we know this we

48:47 You know, if we calculate this, then it will What will we basically know from this basically what we will find out we will know The charge on the electron will be felt, my point Understanding the Charge on Electron sounding If you go then all these things will happen bhaiya Air drop i.e. oil droplets in the air What do we learn from suspending him? The first thing we'll find out is that is basically the charge on the electron We'll find out what's going on here very good so malikan observe that the oil Droplets Have the Different Charges But but each one was a whole number multiple of this particular value i.e. that is that If you can write this 1.60 then brother What did Milleg sahab observe that here

49:32 But there are different charges on oil droplets But all of them are of a particular number Its multiple Twinto Sometimes the charge that is coming is a multiple of this its been three times four times five times six times seven times eight times It is coming like this 2 3 4 5 6 so many hole numbers it is coming in multiples ok so this is considered to be the fundamental Charging is ok no after that

50:18 How did you calculate the mass of electron? Now they knew what they knew Look brother if we have this charge and this is the charge upon me of the mass So how can we write this ratio? are you understanding e point look at charge off Do you know what Mr Thomson had published? If charge upon charge becomes mass then this will tell you the mass ok right so that will give you the mass of When he understood the electron, he said that if we have a charge of electron and the charge by mass ratio of the electron is of the cathode race so if we keep these then

51:04 What will we get from this? Mass of If we look at this, we will find the electron. So if e is cut off from e then what will happen to us you will get the mass of electron then See directly what we do Let's calculate the ratio here, this value How much do we have - 1.60 * 10 ry to the Power-1 coolam - 1.60 * Power-1 coolam of 10 And we have this value -1.75 into this value how much do we have 10 re Power 11 Coulomb per kg - 1.75 * 10 Re Power 11 columns per kg okay coolam on kilograms so kilograms will go upwards, from cool to cool okay minus went to minus so this is our will be 1.60 * 10 to the power -11 is up

51:50 will go towards 20 and this will become 30 so - 30 this is going to be kilograms divided by 1.75 yes Now if the decimal point goes to the right side If you bring it then Lokesh Pratik should bathe daily I told you the trick to convert decimal to right If you shifted the Lokesh symbol to the side If it does not come everyday then there is one on the right side If we shifted then power of 10 is -1 If I turn this one to the right If I shift to pay then I will have it with me will go 16, I will write it directly * 10 To the power of - 31 this kilogram is divided by It is 1.75, when you divide it, it will be will come out to be 99.1 * 10 ^ - 31 k dec

52:35 is the actual mass of an electron to charge of electron and mass of With whose help did we remove the electron we have calculated this using the milk oil drop experiment wish me Friends are getting this point here Sunil bhaiya is coming so please come General Details About the Electron Proton and we have the symbol for neutrons e is for proton p is for neutron n now What is the absolute charge on an electron We have - 1.6 * 10 to the power -1 19 Kalms - 1.60 * 10 to the power - 19 Kalms And this will come similarly in positive We have the charge of the proton that is + 1.6 * 10 to the power -1 is absolutely cool

53:22 That is, the actual value is this There is no charge on the neutron that is zero relative charge means with Respect to like I say that Understanding Inside New Sodium I Say took the charge of + 1 for an electron We took the charge as -1, this way we are relative I told you that it is sodium is electrically neutral then the child He said that Sunil Bhaiya is the number one among them How many protons I said 11 so number off How many electrons are there? 11 so I said + 1 and -1 are relative charges, I said that Bhaiya there are 11 positively charged particles and 11 is a negatively charged particle The relative charge on a neutron is also zero this one will have -1 and this one will have p now what

54:09 The mass we have is 99.1* Power of 10 - 31 kg 1.67 * Power of 10 - 27 Kg and 1.67 * Power of 10 - 27 kg it's slightly hairy than this if you If you observe a little carefully then you will see here But look at this number, this slightly here is neutron than proton now This is because up quarks and are made of down quarks A neutron is made up of two down quarks and a up quarks, and the proton is made up of made of two up quarks and one down quark Because of which it is heavy and this is slightly less it's mass okay so let's go here this Our first topic on the lines is here But it ends, I hope that you You will understand it very well here

54:56 let's start the second topic that is The Thomson Atomic Model Rutherford Alpha The Scattering Experiment and the Model Now Look at what these models are explaining Previously we had indivisibility brother atom is there and If it is indivisible then atomic theory I Dalton Sir gave it and we saw how he How he reacts and what kind of things he is doing But now that we know that the atom is divisible So you are going inside it, we can take a peek How does the structure look inside? so what does this tell us about atomic The model tells who tells this What does the internal structure of the atom tell us?

56:46 which happens with repeated improvement It was going to be 1908, 1909, 1910, isn't it? Continuously 1911 1912 1913 so This series continues with improvements of experiments were being performed So Thomson's atomic model was given in 1904 This series of experiments dates back to 1908. started and this is basically the atomic model

58:03 in a way the raisins are stuck in it so Now this is your Christmas pudding that you have. happens he said that whatever you have Christmas pudding is either plum Whom does Positive Sphere represent? Why not protonate the positive sphere He did not say why the discovery of the proton Discovery of proton is credited to

59:10 if yes then how is the positive charge present both are equal now both are equal look like we have this inside the pudding If it is representing fruits then will represent me, did you understand me I understood my point

59:55 The baked part of the pudding is that If you see, then the watermelon The red table part inside the watermelon Atom and watermelon have positive sphere The black seed inside is in a way

1:00:40 Electrons are like the atoms that The baked part inside the pudding that is The positive sphere of the atom and what is inside it Dry Fruits or Resins That Are Represent the electron of atom in understanding Came Yes now if we move on to it from here then What does this thing tell us from here? If you look at it, it says that N Atom consists of positively charged sphere And electrons are embedded in it Uniform means that inside an atom there is one is a positively charged sphere and the electrons are trapped inside it now Why did Positive Sphere come to my mind because Atom is electrically neutral right? atom is electrically neutral atom is Electrically What was the neutral atom electrically Neutral tha so concept of concept

1:01:29 Off Positive sphere was given I understand hey brother does thomson know this now If the atom is electrically neutral then it has Only electrons will not be positive There will be charge also only then electrically If it is neutral then how can positive charge exist for that he is doing atomic model given that electrons inside the positive sphere Such uniforms are distributed all around okay okay ji now here the mass of What would an atom be like? It would spread all around. It has happened whether you agree with what I say or not mass of an atom is uniform Distributor, you agree to this why don't you do it brother when you have the power for atom I am saying that there is a positive sphere which present all around and inside it

1:02:15 Electrons are also present everywhere so It is not the case that its mass That mass which is in one place It is concentrated and spread all around yes that is absolutely correct so this is Thomson It was sir's model, now what is the problem in it the problem was that right now your Rutherford's Alpha Skating From the observation of the experiment or I won't be able to explain, I won't be able to explain it to him and secondly it is not at all could not explain that positive sphere In you have placed the negatively charged electron How was this placed in direct contact So basically the stability of the atom must be not even defined The problem is that you have a positive charge Negatively charged inside the sphere putting the electrons in direct contact Now how to define stability from this

1:03:02 You will do it because these are both opposite charges If in direct contact then there is imbalance Forces will be created here but the atom So if it is stable then the problem is that the atom I can't define stability, that's why Thomson's imagination is wrong the imagination was wrong the imagination was wrong Now let us come to Mr Rutherford So the experiment of Mr. Rutherford Its strange name is Giger Marden Experiment and The Gold File Experiments like those of Giger and Marden I told you Giger was basically hen Giger and Ernest Marsden Ernest at the University of Manchester Basically this was done under the guidance of Rutherford. were performing the experiment now What happens is that inside this experiment

1:03:47 This is the name and it also has another name The gold fill experiment is now what is done in the experiment Let's understand a little bit in this experiment in this experiment what is done first what is done first there is a source of alpha particles now now what are alpha particles Understand that this is uranium from 92 to 238 Now, because elements that have too many protons in the nucleus and If neutrons occur then what usually happens What happens is that this proton is positively charged protons are positively charged between them If there is force of repulsion then it balances it The neutron is the force of both of them balances the repulsion that you both

1:04:33 don't repel i'm sitting in the middle but When the protons and neutrons start increasing So this is the force of repulsion not in control Now because of this the nucleus is unstable If this happens then what does the nucleus do from within itself? it vomits protons and neutrons makes me vomit so when this proton and neutron be present in very high amounts in the nucleus if he goes and becomes unstable then he What does an Alpha D show here? does a method of nuclear you can say nuclear If the change is a nuclear reaction then give Minus two protons and two neutrons, that is that in total there are two protons and two Minus the neutrons and they will come out what will happen here if you go

1:05:21 Thorium atomic number will be reduced by to because atomic number represents the number the atomic number of protons represents the number of protons then that will be reduced by two mass number will be reduced by four mass number will be reduced by The four atomic numbers represent the number of Protons that will be reduced by two mass The number will be reduced by four because The mass number represents the number of The number of protons and neutrons By how much are protons and neutrons reduced Number of protons reduced from four The number of protons represented by two atomic number number of protons plus neutrons represent the mass number so here But the alpha particle will come out now alpha what is alpha in participle actual Particle is nothing but a species that contains

1:06:07 two protons and two You must understand that neutrons it will be needed okay so here we have what is first of all we have the source of alpha particles and for that we have a I took a substance called radium and then also has two protons and two neutrons species i.e. alpha particles are called emits from inside so now here we have what have you done here we have taken radium but radium Inside which have we kept a lead covered covered in a block of lead and This is the reason behind covering in blocks To ensure no leakage of alpha particles that is, the alpha particles from here They will come out only from this small hole

1:06:53 It turned out that we had placed this radium in it There is a lead block all around and a small there is a hole we have made this hole for this reason and lead That's why we are kept inside the block because I know that the alpha particles that will come out It should not leak in all four directions We just need to get Alpha out of here If you are understanding the matter then from here Radium alpha particles can be collected from here only in a particular line take it out lest it gets into the whole surrounding If they leak it, what would we do then? let's put this inside a lead block put this inside a lead block and Let's put a hole here so that the alpha Particle C could come out from here, after that this Alpha particles bombard here Let's go over the second thing, that is, let's get out from here are that is basically the lead plate now lead

1:07:40 Lead plate redirected towards the plate itself we call it cauliflower and this cauliflower What do you do with a small cauliflower pea The hole is where these alpha particles come from Out If you go there then this lead plate which Kalimar says there is a small hole inside it where the alpha particles will come out but what is its job its job is to alpha particles in a straight line travel its work this means from here which is a straight line of alpha particle She is traveling in a straight line They are doing it like this Divergences Then here's the third thing we picked up That is basically your gold file is now gold Why did you pick up the file made of any metal? I could have picked up the file I picked up the aluminium file

1:08:25 They could have picked up the iron foil, anyone could have picked it up If you had picked up the silver one, you would have picked up the gold file What is the reason behind lifting, I will tell you He would also tell Now what do Rutherford and others think here? Let us dwell a little on that thought procedure go on they are saying that its made of such thin metal File It may be that here when alpha particles from atoms If they collide then they will move ahead in the path of alpha particles Whatever changes occur later, they are due to interaction with atoms come because of doing but not because of this that the file was thick because of that alpha If there is no change in the path of the particles The file should be so thin that when the alpha particle escapes from it and alpha particle if he goes anywhere, forward, backward, up, down

1:09:11 Whatever change is coming in the path, that is because of the interaction with the atom to This is the reason to take gold, it is the The most malleable metal it means the thinnest file can be createddrawnnavigator If you can make it then just like alpha here When the particle collides with it, then from here If they come out then any change in their path will come forward, up and down, wherever we go that is Because of the interaction with atom to atom You will find the path to know about it here There will be no change in me because it The file is thick and you think it is the thinnest metal file was required so that's the alpha particles are deflected from there original path and it should happen because of there it should happen because of there int with atomic and not because of the thickness of file

1:09:58 That means any change in its path here it is coming it must happen just because of the Reason for Interaction with the Gold File's Atom But it is not the case that if we were to come here any other person What would have happened if you had taken the file, brother, that thick file We can make the thinnest file of gold because the most malleable metal that we have If we have that gold then it is the thinnest among us The metal file that will be made will be made of gold Now this will insure that Bhaiya Alpha When the particles collide, whatever comes in their path Whatever change or transformation is coming, it is happening in the atom rather this is due to interacting with not because this atom layer is very It was thick so that's why we applied the thinnest layer possible. I want to get it and that is possible only in gold so that whoever is in the path of the alpha particle change came that is because of the interaction with atom then we will be able to know about atom and Whether Thomson's statements are true or false can be proven

1:10:45 Tax after that what do we have here So this is the gold file, the fourth thing What we basically have is a photographic What is a photographic plate? we have placed it all around here now this We have the photographic plate

1:16:02 He came back after fighting, this is wrong if yes then say no no he is crazy he is crazy he is crazy this is wrong he is saying wrong he is saying wrong saying wrong saying wrong saying wrong saying wrong

1:17:06 If it is an atom then people are visualizing it like this Retracing the path So there's something very heavy here somewhere and it is positively charged you understand that a

1:18:15 okay right and the entities of atom are concentrated Light particles escape from the atom When I experimented, I found that most of the If retracing then the original path

1:19:16 There must be a charge, that's why he pushed When it comes here then the force of repulsion on it particle so if I go I will push it standing and I'm coming and I'm running

1:20:13 Most of the mass of atoms in the middle because of this as it is near to It is totally different so I will give you a model

1:21:01 and The Planetary Model of an Atom Planetary model because it represents solar atomic model or atomic model which was related to the solar system spoke for Rutherford as well as for Bahr This is because it was Bahr who had studied Rutherford's The model was explained by rectifying it but The nuclear model is just their model. It is said because of Rutherford for the first time

1:21:46 First Time Nucleus Vaz Vaz Explain in an atomic model any atomic The nucleus was first seen inside the model was it explained or discussed When this was done, for the first time an atomic model was in which the nucleus was discussed Basically Rutherford's atomic model was That is why it is called nuclear model or planetary model. Model of an atom says very good now here what does it say here it they say that the way in which our the way within the solar system near us let's say we have a solar system so let's say we have this it's surya ok isn't it this is sun so for sun

1:22:33 Planets revolve around orbit the planets revolve around the sun in Similarly, there is a nucleus in the middle of the atom. and what's around it is the electron roaming around yes, did you understand my point? what is happening what am I saying yes I understand this okay so the way our solar Planets around the sun within the system rotates in the same way as the nucleus in an atom the electrons revolve around so that is known as a planetary model of an atom ok yes Sunil bhaiya now see an atom consist

1:23:18 of positively charged nucleus at the center where most of the mass of an atom is Concentrated That is, they say that inside an atom there is a where there is a positively charged nucleus The majority of the mass of the atoms is concentrated properly and the electrons are around it revolves in an orbit around the sun the planets revolve around electrons revolve around the nucleus and this is the volume of the nucleus Much smaller than the total age comparison The volume of an atom is its volume is much less than the total volume of the atom that's why most of the alpha particles had gone out you can understand it this way that a A football beach inside a football court is it kept in me or a cricket A small cricket ball in the middle of the ground Cricket ground representative is kept does this to an atom and a cricket ball

1:24:04 It represents the nucleus, you can see it like this okay you can understand now its draw backs Understand carefully what it is basically What are the problems and the drawbacks of the rutherford atomic model what are the Problems Sunil Bhaiya there is a problem in this what is it everything is ok look at it understand what is it now this is that electron is your electron What is Sunil Bhaiya negatively charged? particle is so let's take this negatively charged particle that is basically electron so as soon as your this negatively a charged particle is a particle that moves in a circular motion path at a constant speed means whenever your this is a negatively charged particle now Who is asking Rutherford questions

1:24:52 Maxwell to question Maxwell Rutherford yes son i am asking about this animal movie Do you know who is in the animal movie? Bobby Deol was not there Anil Kapoor is Abrar and Rutherford and Abrar is Anil Kapoor is being asked questions and then Maxwell Rutherford will shoot like this son tell me you are asking question from electron What is it brother, tell me electron is negative it is a charged particle, say ok what should i say It moves in a circular path what does it do it moves in a circular path So the electron moves in a circular path at a constant what is speed saying He said, suppose this is your is the nucleus and this is your electron said a lot

1:25:38 well so the electron which is negatively charged The charged particle moves in a circular path It is doing it at a constant speed, it is ok In uniform circular motion have a little brain Guess if the direction is different at every point will it happen or it won't happen like suppose I am a I take the stone and tie a thread on it like this and I swing the stone hard Look, I left it here, the stone is here If I leave him here he will go here If I leave it here it will go here If I leave it here it will go here means it will go to every point which is his direction is that which is tense i want from you I ask you for directions at every point What is its direction at every point tenz shiyal you listen to me i wish yes it will be 100% aligned i.e. at every point

1:26:23 What is direction What is the direction different at every point but at every point the direction is different so when the electron i.e. negatively charged particles around it revolves when the electron is a negatively charged If the particle revolves around it, then every direction is different at a particular point Even if your speed is constant, speed only a magnanimous but if we talk about velocity do so velocity judge magni noodle direction both means here if you say that your If the speed is constant then I will accept it but at every point because if the direction is yours that particular change is happening means that velocity is changing because

1:27:11 Velocity Direction and Magnitude doodle means the velocity is changing and that's it is accelerated now if the change in velocity Coming with time if in velocity Change is coming, what does that mean acceleration change in velocity by time one In particular time, if the velocity Change is coming, this means It is accelerated, absolutely Now to whom did he tell so many things about this I asked Rutherford to tell you to face me tell them that acceleration is happening here that is, when the electrons are around here Uniform circular motion is moving towards The speed is constant at every point direction is different it means velocity Change is happening, this means particle He's accelerated, that's all he needed to hear Now Maxwell says that brother I have a

1:27:57 Theory is electromagnetic theory o Don't know about it He is called accelerated charged particles emit electromagnetic radiations i.e. Whatever charged particle you have would be accelerated like the electron here If it is accelerated then it is from within emit electromagnetic radiations so their orbit their orbit will Shrink and Ultimately and Ultimately the electron will fall in to the nucleus What is this design that defines the stability of an atom? Now Maxwell sir is speaking, speak here are Maxwell's Theory of Electromagnetic Radiation she says that if anyone We have an accelerated charged particle

1:28:42 If we have an accelerated charge particle to accelerated charged particle will continuously emit energy into the form of electro magnetic radiation Accelerated charged particles emit electromagnetic radiations So you want to say what will happen with this that if it's an accelerated charged particle So it will continuously emit energy Because of which its orbit will shrink and This emits energy while Continuously emitting energy do do do do do do do do While doing this the matter will jump into the nucleus Do you understand, Maxwell says that if If the electron is accelerated then it will continuously emit energy

1:29:29 will keep doing will keep doing will keep doing will keep doing it will keep doing it will keep doing it he will keep doing it and finally he basically jump inside the nucleus If Maxwell gives it, then he says that Thomson and What is the difference between your model and Thomson's model? Positive and negative charges in the model They were kept in direct contact Unbalanced forces will come, it is unstable Atom means he did not understand the stability of atom You will find that the atom is stable but your imagination It is wrong Now when this thing happens here then you So I did the same thing myself, a miniature If a version of Thomson's atomic model is made Rutherford Bo no no no I am I am saying one more thing, I am not even saying it I am thinking that the electrons are moving around, brother So I am saying that the electrons are not rotating at all the electrons are sitting now they will not rotate If you are not accelerated then he said

1:30:15 Imagine that the electrons are stationary let's say the electrons are stopped The electrons are not moving so they are at a standstill I am not roaming around, if you are not roaming then here But if we say electron and stationary then we say electron Stationery then Maxwell gave a good electron it is stationery he stopped and said yes you said this What you are trying to say is that the electrons are all around he is not roaming around he said he is not roaming around Hey, I am sure you should be locked He said that it should be locked, he said when he turns around Otherwise how will you accelerate while standing He said okay fine he said accept it we are standing He said, do you know what will happen? He said, what will happen? Bole electrostatic force of attraction which is a dense nucleus and electrons he said yes he is in the middle of it pull it in the middle Now if that electron is standing, this if there is a nucleus then it pulls it to the center

1:31:01 then the electron would be pulled towards the Nucleus to form a miniature version of Thomson atomic model again positive and Negative charges come in direct contact Brother Rutherford gave it for this very reason no electrons are revolving around it why was it given so that both of them can be direct His brother could not come in contact The explanation is like this because it is like this Imagine this happening in the atom Because the atom is stable so he wants to tell this was Rutherford that Rutherford had said Assume that this is your nucleus If there is an electron, it will not be stationary. must be revolving around it because if If it is stationary then this is the nucleus Because it is very heavy, it will pull it positive charges attract each other If it takes positive and negative charge come in direct contact will go okay then he himself has done this

1:31:48 Rutherford had said that around this what do they do they turn around but when If he is proven wrong about the rotation He said no, it is stationery So whether you apply both the cases or you Say at rest even if you are basically in motion Say that if the electron is around it If it is rotating then that is accelerated charge The particle continuously emits energy will its orbit continuously shrink will do it and it will go into the nucleus positive and negative charges direct Came into contact again a miniature version of Thomson's atomic model, then suppose if Thomson suppose you Rutherford what is here I say that no, no, I say that If they say that the electron is at rest Those who are not speaking, but if they did, then accept it that if the electrons are at rest they You are thinking that it is not in moving condition suppose you are thinking about this Rutherford did not think this, you are thinking this

1:32:34 yes, I am saying this for explanation Rutherford knew that the electron which they are basically in motion If he is not at rest then assume that If the electron is at rest as you said, then What will happen if the electron is at rest? Suppose there is an electron, it is not moving it's stuck all around it so this positively charged and this negatively charged He will pull it in because this is enough It is heavy, if it can pull it then again a miniature Thomson model version will come with this thing To save himself, Rutherford said electron When I moved around I got stuck and stopped If I stay here I will be stuck, even if I roam around I will be stuck So in both cases you can see the stability of the atom If you cannot define it then it is wrong I wish you all this till here You must be understanding things if everything till here If you are understanding something then please come once brother Invite all your friends over quickly

1:33:20 Now let's move ahead quickly, let's move On to the next topic that is master iso species now look at the word iso we have a meaning for it whenever we if we have anything beans or anything else would be equal when ever something is the same or equal one ever something is the same and equal so here we are let's use a root word that is iso, right? did you understand that this is a table? This draw of the table is not a confusion There were backs, I explained it to him These draw backs were fixed on the next slide isn't it so let's say the meaning of the word iso in isop where there is something called a bean or what be equal now before understanding this i would like to tell you what should i tell you two isospecies I will teach you what is according to the book usually isotope isotone iso bar

1:34:06 Isoelectronic Species Ice Dyer Very we'll talk about the whole thing in just two Now to understand what is in the book you need to the concept will have to be recap that is what is atomic number what is mass number atomic number e represented by element which is called atomic number It is also said so it is nothing but the number of Fatan Datar present inside the nucleus of N atom means the one which is your atom That means the nucleus of your atom that is, in the nucleus of your atom Nucleolus means the number of Will there be positively charged particles There will be positively charged particles Listen to me again, about your atom

1:34:51 in the nucleus of the atom The number of positively charged particles atomic number i.e. represented by z we call it atomic number, that is basically represent the root of it is also called age and proton number so atomic number and proton number is the number of protons that are present inside the Nucleus of an atom let's talk about the Mass Number Now what does mass number represent? is represented by a is it the total number of protons and neutrons that are present inside the Nucleus of an atom i.e. your atom The total number of protons in the nucleus and There will be neutrons, that's what you'd call the mass number good protons and neutrons

1:35:37 what we collectively say We come across a term called nucleus protons and neutrons collectively in we call it nuclein so you so this You can also say that mass number is nothing but the Total number of nuclei as well as mass number is nothing but the total number of the nucleus that are present inside the Nucleus of an atom Nucleus of an atom The number of protons that is atomic the number of protons plus neutrons Collectively speaking, mass number so look at it we write it like this is that mass number is represented by a that is equal to z i.e. atomic number which is nothing but the number of protons plus n which is nothing but the number of neutrons so atomic number is equal to

1:36:22 number of protons plus number of neutrons atom sorry mass number is equal to number of number of protons plus number of neutrons sorry mass number mass number mass number which is Represented by a mass number, that is The mass number is the mass number mass number is equal to the number of number of protons plus mass number of neutrons is nothing but the number of protons and the number of neutrons that are present inside the nucleus of n In these collectively we are the nucleus also now with this if we When representing an element, we do we represent it like this or else we It can also be represented like this

1:37:08 now what does this thing tell you here Write the mass of the element Number is where you write the element Atomic number and this is basically what we have Chemical I understood the symbol of this element chemical symbol it's basically the mass number and this Basically it is the atomic number now like for I have an example of carbon, so carbon I have the atomic number, I have the six mass number I have 12, I can write it like this carbon atomic number ch month number 12 okay friend so this is it like this I can write it too, no problem, okay

1:37:54 isn't it so let's ask a small question now I will ask more questions in this chapter. No, I told you already be tall will calculate the number of protons neutrons and electrons in this particular species now look at this quickly let's decode it here we have Bromine i.e. chemical symbol of element Look at the chemical symbol, whose chemical symbol is this You should also write down the chemical symbol of your element so chemical symbol of element here Here the mass number and here the atomic number Okay, so if we compare it with this So what we will have here is Look friends take a look at this quickly 35 and 80 sir let me see it comfortably and quickly How it will happen Look carefully and do it quickly

1:38:43 what will become of us let it be with us will go atomic the number which is represented by the root that is equal to number of protons to number of How many Protons will we have? The number of protons becomes 35 and this is what we have Who does this represent represents the mass number mass number e Represented by a Nothing But Equals Two Number of Proton Plus neutrons so 80 we have this 80 e How many number of protons do we have 35 ps n so n will be more equal to this Basically, this makes five more This is the number of four neutrons. 45 5 and pa 0 one 80 okay so this is our Number of passed

1:39:28 We have the number of neutrons proton that is equal two equals two 35 okay so the number of protons we have How will the number of neutrons become 35 We will find out the mass number is equal to the number of protons plus neutrons so the mass number is our the number of protons we have is 80 35 plus n gives us 45 now. How will we remove the electrons? It's a simple thing, okay, this happened first that's it we have seconds now Third you know it's electrically It is a neutral species, no ion is a ion So what number will we have here? Off Proton is equal to the number of electrons whenever any Specimen you get is electrically neutral

1:40:15 okay isn't it electrically neutral whatever You will get my specie how is your friend You will find electrically neutral here Look, there is no cut or no, there is no imbalance The number of protons and neutrons is not So the more positively charged particles, the more negatively charged particle, that is, here We have the number of protons and the number of the electrons will become equal so that will be equal to 35 I hope you understand Went So the number of protons you have is 35. The number of positively charged particles is 35 The number of negatively charged particles is 35 The mass number you have is 80 so 80 = 35 + n Ok

1:41:00 Iso Terms You Should Understand Iso Terms for which I told you so many basics what does iso mean what does iso mean same atomic number look at this same atomic whose atomic number is basically the same

1:42:52 This is why the mass number is changing, so this will tell you

1:44:40 See, your atomic number is the same, this too

1:45:32 neutrons change because

1:46:42 n and that is equal to z ' p n

1:47:36 If there are, then everything is different, the number of protons If it's a bar, you'll have to understand that it's a big This is a basic thing, you studied it in class 9 I hope you like this topic too I understood it very well here

1:48:21 If it happens, please come brother, please let me go let's go ahead now let's start the other topic that is basically the wave nature of the Electromagnetic radiations are now of wave nature What do we know about electromagnetic radiations? explains We have Abrar saheb here, Abrar saheb abrar Sir who is Maxwell Sir Maxwell, yes Abrar saheb is his Now here we will try to understand the theory a little bit. so what are electromagnetic and the mechanical waves now what are these basically If so, look at whatever energy is there Transportation happens in the world right now

1:49:08 According to this theory, say so in what ever way the energy is Getting Transported According to the Wave Nature is where the energy is coming from transported that is happening because of the Mechanical Waves and the Electromagnetic Examples of mechanical waves are: for example water waves sound waves these R basically mechanical waves and This is another type of electromagnetic waves there are waves so these are too important waves the energy is transported in the The World Around Us According to Wave Nature There are two particular types of waves one is mechanical wave one is electromagnetic waves mechanical waves Like for example water wave you can make water wave

1:49:55 If you put a stone inside, a wave will hit you will be seen being generated in the same way if I am saying there is one in the air as well Disturbance is being transferred here So these are all mechanical waves in the same way to transport energy there is another way that is Electromagnetic Waves Now let us talk about mechanical waves So they need a material medium i.e. a matter Required to travel A Medium medium is nothing but a matter to them One matter means one medium is needed for travel to do For example, if you had done this in your childhood If you have read the experiment then the sound is Why does it not travel in a vacuum? because he needs a medium to travel

1:50:42 what medium is required like I am saying anything here, Here's a vibration in my sound box this must be happening in me this created the sound The sound right now is this Air is basically the transfer of vibrations Transferring vibrations to particles If it does then regions are formed because of it compression rarefaction compression rarefaction Region Transfer of Compression Rarefaction so this is how the energy is energy is transported in this way transporting If yes, then a medium is needed for this inside which this vibration is transferred

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