Cape Sociology Development Theories I Lessen 2 I SLC

0:08 hello guys welcome back to the second video here in lesson two we will be looking at overdevelopment uhm most we're going to be covering the concepts of development and then we get into the theoretical perspectives of development uhm remember that this is a new channel Channel and you can always show your support by subscribing and also by sharing with your friends you know getting the channel out there all that a support okay so before we get into the theoretical perspectives because that's what the video will be mainly about but we just want to run through the concepts you

0:53 know so that before we go into the theoretical perspectives to kind of give us a little more based understanding of many of the concepts so concepts of development generally the term development is used by Western social just to mean industrialization economic growth and the living standards associated with um Prosperity you know such as increase life expectancy Health Care Free education and and many other um and so with that said development should not be considered in economic terms alone there

1:44 should be emphasis on the difference between social and economic development so we know that economic development is often concerned with the process of modernizing and industrialization moving from a tradition Society to one that is more industrialized you know man you're looking at businesses manufacturing you know different forms of production happening within the country and so you look at Social Development now and you realize that Social Development is a general term that refers to the changes in nature the social institutions like the schools churches

2:35 hospitals you know the the social behavior or the relationship of within Society you're even looking at many aspects and factors such as maybe the ratio of doctors to Patient within the population you know so you understand that Social Development is development for the people and not just economic based but for the people as well and so with that said the measures taken to enhance social and economic development should ultimately lead to sustainable development and we know that sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present population

3:28 without undermining or compromising the ability of future population or generations to meet their own needs now looking at the indicators of development we know that the indicators of development are used to illustrate the progress of a country over time and represent the data collected by various agencies to assess whether a Country meets economic social cultural political and environmental goals and we have two indicators two main indicators economic indicators and non-economic

4:14 indicators Now quickly looking through some of the concepts and terms associated with economic development well you look at modernization you know that we know that this is the process which socities go through industrialization urbanization and other social changes that completely transform the lives of individuals so it's really moving from a traditional Society to a industrialized one and we know that industrialization is a process of Social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society and from a pre-industrial

4:59 Society to an industrial one where their economy is fully developed gross domestic product is the total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a given year and the gross national product is very similar however it's the final products and services turned out in a given period by the means of production owned by the country's residents so it's it's the country's overall economic input and both the GDP and GMP they serves as a comprehensive indicator of a country's economic wellbe so we tend to look at these

5:48 indicators a lot and you know the per capita income represents the average income earned per individual in a particular country within a specified year and it provides Insight in to the average Ecom stus of the population so weend to use this a lot for like say whether this country or island is middle class or whether it's a poor country or upper class based on the amount that the average person is like earning as well and and you have to look at factors such as the standards of living as well no we tend to not understand completely the difference between economic growth and economic development and so economic growth refers to the increase in

6:40 the level of national output and national income of our country and so we see we know that econom de economic growth it's it's a necessary condition for economic development economic development now is the increase in National output and national income and we're looking at improvements in the social and political welfare of the people within our country you know and it also considers things that affect the quality of life and the living standards of people such as the literacy of literacy rates of people life expectancy and health care and so we know that economic development is enabled by economic growth but it it surpass

7:29 is it by considering the impact of economic growth and Welfare values the next distinctions we want to look at are under development and undeveloped so underdevelopment describes a country that has not reached its maturity and we tend to say that the Caribbean countries are underdeveloped which what that means is that eventually they can become more developed and undeveloped now an undeveloped Society has not yet developed but there is no reason why that that Society should not do so in the future for example we can look at indigenous Society or

8:22 traditional society that relies on subsistence forming so it's not that you know these people or something is wrong with these people out the country just that there's nothing really stopping them they're doing subsistent farming doesn't mean that they're developed but their people can eat the people can live but they're not necessarily developed and so there's nothing stopping them and you also have underdeveloped now Society has not developed because it has been prevented from doing so by richer countries their pover y may have been directly caused by richer countries exporting them and a great example you can use are African States and Caribbean

9:10 Nations have experienced underdevelopment due to historical Colonial exploitation and ongoing economic inequalities right and you look at the fact that um richer countries gives us loans for a 100 years and keeps us in is what causes much under development in Caribbean countries as well and so in contrast to developed nations less developed Nations display some of the following characteristics so as yes we see undeveloped Nations often rely a on production of cash crops

9:55 and raw materials for export such as coffee and sugar in the Caribbean you know countries tend to have no manufacturing Industries are pretty much not a lot of manufacturing Industries to really grow or cause a major Economic Development growth you know we do they then they do tend to have low economic growth rates and this is characterized by underdeveloped Nations often due to limited capital investment and lack of infrastructure structure development right you can look at Food insecurity as well food insecurity there is fing and Mal nutrition and the most being found in both rural and urban areas as well uh there's a lot of basic

10:48 health care and there is poor or nonexistence of communication and transport networks so you see that the infrastru infrastructure for many of the countri AR necessarily developed and can look into some of the development challenges in the Caribbean so our first one we have economic problems so you know we have a dependency on foreign Capital skills and Enterprise we do we do tend to have a monoc legacy within the Caribbean we also have a dependence on Imports and Technology as well Domination by multinational corporation and have much little

11:36 manufacturing Industries really kind of help us you know we also have social certification you know that um this IND development as there are no Avenues or scope for social mobility within our society and you know this can lead um to people um consider themselves inferior or less important than those who occupy higher status you know a rigid class structure we also see population transition so this is really about like you population increasing elderly population migration urbanization and and as well you have political factors you know that corruption and

12:25 political instability these are some of the things that would end the development countries tourism Andis canect develop ofion cuses tension it urges brain drain as people people start to look at the greener grass and reduces the limited resources of the region you know so you can even look at um Jamaica in Jamaica you know we invest a lot into our tourism industry and you see where even during when came when came and people couldn't you understand that our main Revenue earn just

13:11 got damaged and Jamaica was suffer um Jamaica we had to make so many changes we have to so many um deals and agreements Ure that our economy can stay stay stable because we were just depending on using um tour ISM as our main revenue and yes see where that never didn't necessarily work also poverty you know um you can Le to brain drain people are poor you know they want to leave the country to try and make a better life and try to earn money as well you know poverty will lead to crime and violence and this is particularly in the younger population as well and uh so far we just went over the concepts it was it wasn't really

14:03 um not not necessarily our main focus it's really the theories of development but we just wanted to run through it so we can prepare ourselves to go into some of the theories today so our first Theory will be the modernization theory the modernization theory is largely based on The View that to develop means to become model by adopting Western cultural values and social institutions it is suggested that undevelopment societies subscribe to Value systems and institutions that hinder the development

14:55 process and you know according into the theory lwi income countries are affected by their lack of industrialization and can improve their global economic standing through an adjustment of cultural values and attitudes to work and they even talk about industrialization and other forms of economic grow and let's see the maintenance of the modelization right so they said that societ developed through a series of evolutionary stage and these stages they are based on different degrees and patterns of social differentiation and reintegration of structural and cultural components that are functional compatible for the maintenance of society they said that contemporary

15:47 developing societies are at premodern stage of evolution and they eventually will achieve economic growth and will take on social political and economic features of Western European and North American societies which have progressed to the highest stage of social Evolution near development they also speak on economic growth how it promotes structural changes in society that leads to increased political representation and eventually to the EST establishment of developed institutions and you know you have um very ility development stages you know the different where

16:33 different societies are believed to be at varing stages of development based on their success in introducing the uper mentioned elements and you know this variation accounts for disparities in development levels across different regions so let's see if we can look at the stages of development so the first stage we call the called it those traditional societies and so undeveloped societies our traditional societies dominated by institutions such as the families tribes and Clans with within which roles are ascribed rather than Achi production is mostly seen

17:22 inure right and they that EC production primary revolves sub assistance activities as well the preconditions for takeoff involve including material factors such as capital and techn Technology from the West in form of capital and investment by Western companies and you have the takeoff stage in which traditional countries attitudes and social institutions are replaced with their Western equivalent achievement replaces ascription and nuclear families replaces extended families the drive to maternity stage is marked by the export of

18:14 manfactured goods to the West as the country takes its place in the international trading system development is achieved in the stage R calls the a age of high mass consumption and the people of the country enjoys Better Lives life expectancy is related is raised and more citizens receive free health care and education as well and so just by looking at the diagram you see traditional societies it show you that it has limited Tex static Society you know pre conditions for take off so commercial exploitation of Agriculture and extraction extractive industry

19:07 you look at the takeoff stage know where development of a manufacturing sector is now um is present within countries so there St they're in takeoff stage and the drive to maturity show you development of wider industrial commercial base and I IAS consumption would um show where people enjoy Better Lives you know um people are living longer many of the institutions are improved they are developed Health Care improved as well literacy rids everything both economic and social development are evident within the age of high mass consumption

19:59 now for the criticisms of modernization which is very important to know so the first criticism the theory makes it seems that traditional institutions have little value compared with their Western equivalent some societies such as Asia and Japan have proved that traditional institutions are important and can exist successfully alongside the modern because one of the thing like the criticism that modernization really can't go against the fact that they're saying that okay follow the Western ways of modernization however what country really followed it you know many people

20:53 um many you have many ideologies ideologies that exist you see differ and E both regions of the world [Music] achieved modernization and it wasn't through one way so for them to say oh it's one way of modernizing and developing their country they're going to get heavily criticized for that um they did say allies for our Western encouragement of less developed countries Elites has created inequalities in wealth and power which leads to Human Rights being abused right and the

21:41 most popular criticism would revolve around the idea of ethnocentrism or the assumption that how economic and social progress has work in certain countries would work equally as well elsewhere and for us the Caribbean the Caribbean was never a traditional Society our people came here through Force migration through slavery so we did not experience that idea of a traditional Society we most likely would start at stage two and currently at stage four or four currently at stage three or

22:28 four due to our lack of industri so we don't have we don't have many Industries to really give a major economic growth within the within many of the um countries as well our next Theory will be the Dependency Theory and this one should be an interesting one so the the Dependency Theory reject the view that the people of less developed countries are responsible for the failure of their societies to develop instead Andre GF Frank 1979 suggests that the lack of development

23:15 is because Western Nations have deliberately underdeveloped them and so Frank argues that there is a growing global system of capitalism where large countries large developed countries such as the United States and United Kingdom exploit poor countries these po countries will dependent on these large states for market for their cheap labor and goods we know that historically this was seen in colonization and slavery where larger States benefited from slavery and colonialization Caribbean and even Caribbean um historian Williams for example discussed in his writings how Britain benefited greatly from the plantation economies in the

24:06 Caribbean which led to the Industrial Revolution because you have to remember know it was due to the plantation system within the Caribbean that led to the industrialization in um in Britain for in the British in England um all over the world you know other countries other colonizers they followed Spain Portuguese all of them the French they followed as well it was due to the plantation they were the plantation was like the first mod of production or one of the one of the major Moon production until they found other things that could help their economy and so they didn't have

24:56 to stay with um the plantation of society and so we got emancipation and were freed they went back but they benefited after that after slavery they left our country we didn't get anything we didn't have a major infrastructure we didn't have any Industries or anything like that so those are that's some of the way where you see how Frank was trying to highlight to us just how dependency has been left within the Caribbean as well and if we try and Link it to contemporary Society now Frank argues that contemporary international trade is based on a legacy of colonialization most

25:56 colonies tended to have political Independence but still had to depend on the market for the West for their cash crops the Western demands therefore control the growth of these countries Frank argues that multinational companies uses their Investments to exploit other nations for cheap labor cheap raw materials and new markets as well and you see that these multin and companies would expand globally and dominate capitalist world that exist these companies um they do not invest in these countries because they want to build the region It's really because they want

26:42 to make up profit so a lot of times you know you have many countries that um they would sometimes prevent um other countries from investing what what we realized is that countries will come in in an industry and that okay we're going to help you dur the time of inves realize that Revenue an increase in Revenue will take place but many of the profits you realize that the percentage to um the international investors own those money are going straight to them and so what happens a lot of time is that they will come and they earn a small percentage next thing you know they earn more more and more to earn more than the country and is able to take over

27:31 the business and he also speaks on official Aid in flow of resources from one country to another some countries have a serious dep to their wealthy Nations and a dep that leads to dependency and remember that we did mention this just then about how countries give us 100 100 Years of loans to pay off and that keeps us in depth after times you know it does benefit the country because we use that dep to sometimes improve on maybe our economic struction so but it it still keeps up in dep so some of the premise of the Dependency Theory it spoke on poor

28:18 Nations which is the peration provides a destination for obsolete technology and markets to the wealthy Nations without the which the L could not have to the standard of living they enjoy so yes there's a big Market here forthy countries to come in if they int anything that they introduce you know any form of technology that they bring to the Caribbean might just um um boom to them because they know that we don't have it here right we don't have the skills and the expertise here to sometime create some of these things so when they come in with it they they know that there's a marketpl the Caribbean is a high Marketplace for many wealthy Nations they also spoke on first world Nations actively

29:08 but not necessarily consciously perpetuate a state of dependence through various policies and initiatives this is multiac involving economics media control and politics as well you know Bank Banking and finance education culture Sports and all aspects of Human Resources development and also the last premise is that um attempts by dependent Nations to resist the influence of dependency or met with resistance from core Nations often in the form of economic sanctions

29:54 political interference or even military invasions and contr dependency theorists argue that social Revolution may be necessary to address economic disparities and break free from theend as well and some other one of our um an example we could use is that in the early 1930s the US invaded many of the islands that wanted to reduce dependency and so what that does really it shows you l which core nations may go to Mainer their economic interest within the Caribbean again now the dependency the they did provide us with some steps to avoid dependency a little guideline as well so let's

30:44 talk about the promotion of domestic products you know subsidizing and and protecting Industries within the poor Nations these third world countries I know this is we Caribbean third world countries can produce their products rather than simply export raw materials um in Jamaica during when I believe quer when he was the agricultural Minister came with to grow what we eat and eat what we grow campaign in Jamaica and it was really to um promote the local products as well to um to promote the importance of our local pro products right and and it did in f um had a positive

31:30 effect you know they also stated by limiting the importation of both luxury good and manufactured good that can be produced within the country as well so the country can reduce the amount of its capital and resources that are siphoned off of right talk about um some governments took steps to keep foreign companies and individuals from owning or operating property that draws on the country's resources so let me see an example of this um all right I'm going to use um let's say electricity um service provider for the country so you know in Jamaica we have um Jamaica Public Service JPS that provide the country with electricity and so you might look at foreign investors trying

32:20 to um come in and try and take control or again um some form of ownership Within These um um um major Within These major industries just kind of you know really siph profits off of it as well and where they actually digging into the country's resources right there right he said also that some governments have forcely taken over foreign owned companies on behalf of the state to key profits within the country as well so where you know there is evidence that um um the Dependency Theory the guidelines have in fact been used or been adopted by many Caribbean countries and and it's been um

33:08 showing positive impacts on the countries as well now for the criticism of the Dependency Theory um you look at corruption is more prevalent in state owned Industries compared to privately owned Industries as well um they talk about um lack of competition so by subsidizing in in in Country Industries and preventing outside Imports these companies may have less incentive to improve their products or to try become more efficient in their processes to please customers or to reach Innovations you know um he spoke on it may ignore the specific histories and velopment of countries

33:59 um it might be their um history or their or their problems that led to their lack of development so you know this is really saying you know it doesn't necessarily have to be about a wealthy Nation a wealthy Nation robbing the resources of a poor Nation it could be um due to that nation that that really LED it to within that dependency you know within a state of dependency maybe they is something in the past cor government all type of things that could lead to development so you know they trying to say don't assign easily assign blame like that's that um it does not explain other factors that lead to underdevelopment and seemingly blame wealthy Nations for the

34:52 ill of under developed countries let talk about how dependency does not always lead to underdevelopment some countries dependency ensures that they become developed over time as well and so for instance Colonial Powers May invest in um infrastructures and public services in independent countries contributing to their development um however this development of them comes to an experence of exploitation and unequal poor dnamic but the fact is that um the fact is that um the countries do benefit they provide market for us as well and even say where liberal social thinker

35:40 John goldor 2017 argued that colonization provid positive benefits for poor countries with the development of transportation and communication and he mentioned that we might sell our resources and Foods at lower prices but they provide a market for us which is very true you know so we we have to give them credit where it lies we can't just be going around blame like that we have to be very IM imaginative in the way we think sometime the dependenc the it wasn't necessarily like that it was more from a you think that it was a Marxist Marx Marxist um person or Marx himself Ro is

36:28 Theory now looking at the World System Theory um L system theory was developed by Emmanuel w w was heavily influenced by Andre Frank but goes much further his approach insisted that individual countries are not adequate units of social logical analysis he argued that we must look at the totality the overall social system that transcends National boundaries and he calls

37:13 this the modern world system and suggest that it is characterized by one world economy that is capitalism although it has no common political structure as well well analysis is therefore more flexible than Franks it looks at the global system as a whole but it also explain it also um explain the changes in the in the fore of individual Nations as part of the modern system and so w you know he uses um four concepts of core and perfect States but adds that in the modern world

38:00 system there's also a semi semi per as well and even mention um I believe um a core country like Britain can become a s periphery just as periphery can become a semi periphery as well so um let's look at the core Nations core nations are dominant capitalist countries highly IND technological and urbanized um semi periperal Nation semi periperal Nations um include countries that exhibit intermediate levels of development situated between the core and the perer these nations may possess some industrialization and infrastructure but

38:50 still rely on the core for certain resources and markets perect the perfect incompass is the least developed Nations often characterized by Reliance on primary Commodities low levels of industrializations and exportation by cor naations these countries typically serve as sources of raw material and cheap labor for the poe country for the core countries as well and their personal one that they added was the external area so they said that external area refers to Regions outside the capitalist World economy including pre capitalist societies and Nations not fully

39:39 integrated into the global economic system they have their own economic system they could be high levels of poverty and low levels of development um for examples you have the tribal Villages like sentinelles the indigenous groups in Amazon the Bushmen of the kalahar as well now let's look at the difference between the Dependency Theory versus The World System Theory so the Dependency Theory possess a static Global hierarchy where poor countries are are perpetually dependent on

40:31 and exported by wealthier Nations it suggests that development is hindered by unequal power dynamics within the global economy leading to a cycle of dependency and underdevelopment in contrast World System Theory acknowledges the potential for poor countries to advance within the world economy the concept of the semi pery in wor theor offers a glimmer of hope for advancing providing a pathway for countries to move up in the global hierarchy further more while dependency the highlights competition for scarce resources as a driving force

41:19 behind development and underdevelopment World System Theory offers a more nons perspective according to system theory development and underdevelopment result from the unequal distribution of power and resources within the world economy and so the theory suggests that some societies dominate others in the pursuit of resources and economic Advantage this initial Advantage is then mag ified over time leading to intensified inequalities and perpetuating the state of dependence for third world countries as a result the gap between rich and poor Nations

42:10 widens reinforcing the hierarchal structure of the global economy and so the main difference between the two theor is really that you know dependency what it really talks about how countries you know po countries perfect countries how they are just underdeveloped due to wealthier Nations um um scraping off some of their resources and so on but the world system the now it gives an understanding that yes it it acknowledges the fact that he dependency happens however the countries has There's Hope or potential for you know poor countries to develop

42:57 as well you know and that is how they brought in the semi- periphery and so that's really there to give an understand that these countries are able to grow and to better themselves despite being in this stage so yes they may be um they may be um underdeveloped by countries but they can still be they can still develop their country while being um under develop as well now for the Convergence Theory the convergence theory of development is based on the premises that as countries develop they adopt or exhibit characteristics that are similar

43:47 to develop Nations so countries transition from utilizing industrialization to becoming highly industrialized overtime closely related to the modernization theory in a simple sense it means how underdeveloped countries catch up to developed countries when they implement the measures to develop this leads to a global culture in which all developed countries have the same cultural patterns and so by hearing that immediately you would understand that this Theory

44:33 it ignores the fundamental differences between countries like for example China and United States of America which are both industrialized but they exhibit different cultures belief systems and values but they're both industrialized so immediately when reading about the converence theory you can immediately identify one of the first critics of the theory um this theory was formulated by clar in the late 1960s though it came several years after the modernization theory it reflected some of the same thinking ker was influenced by Ralph dorf and Daniel B who argu

45:24 that there was increasing similarities between polarized groups so I I believe that Daren DF um predicted that as working class became more affluent the conflict between them and the capitalist class will diminish significantly and that Bell believed that countries with different political ideologies capitalist and Marxist would converge to reflect more Western democratic ideals now Kerr believed that the more industrially developed countries of the world of the world um would converge in a single Mass industrial society modeled along the lines of the USA he argued that

46:18 the difference that existed among societies with political social or economic would minimize as modern technology would be the Catalyst for prosperity in addition um K noted that as they progress all industrial societies would subscribe to mass education and the mass media would become prominent science and you know rational thinking would be Supreme pretty much now Kerr proposed that industrial societies would progress through four St ages the first one was increasing social Mobility employees selected by Merit so employees selected by he's speaking about the the complete

47:09 removal of ascription you know you don't just get a job because you're the son of um this man or whoever you know you're you're um increasing social Mobility social Mobility now is easier you know and so you look that growth it's next spoke on decreasing difference between the St next one was the expansion of the middle class making the middle class more accessible by the lower class um is what he meant by this social status is more meritocratic seen via income and occupation as well those were the four stages he proposed now let's evaluate the theory now while

48:03 technological advancement such as the internet and international travel have facilitated a sense of global convergence critics challenge the Assumption of a universal part of development inherit in Convergence Theory they argue that diverse Parts can lead to success development and caution against prescribing Western models as universally applicable and so critics also point out that the theory disregards the complexities of individual Nations and their unique history and context suggesting that there is no one one siiz fits all approach to development

48:54 therefore while converence Theory offers in into Global development Trends it is not without it limitation and criticism you know and it's the same thing you know similarly to modernization Theory there is an assumption that all countries must evolve along the same line as the West you know and the and the funny thing is that you it's it's very hard to find a country or a nation that became industrialized or they developed itself became modernized by following the West you know I believe I remember there a saying that um the conversion Theory assumes that what's good for

49:40 the West is good for the rest uh of course other theorists dis disagree saying that there is no one single part towards the future and yeah and that's pretty much bring us to the end a quick summary we went over the Dependency Theory um you know that Dependency Theory spoke on how um poor Nations perfect Nations they are being underdeveloped by wealthy Nations sometimes consciously and unconsciously they even highlighted when you know when poor Nations um attempted to resist

50:27 or escape from their dependence you see where you know wealthier Nations took actions and show length which they will go to ensure that their economy stay stable we spoke on modernization the as it talks about how um all societies progress through similar stages of development similarly with Convergence Theory however their biggest critic which they can't escape is a fact that you know you can't say that all societies and Nations should um will achieve development industrialization and modernization through the same part you just can't say it on the World System Theory which is similar which um goes well with the Dependency Theory on how yes countries

51:21 are dependent however there is a possibility of growth a potential of grow you know so it views that global economy as a complex system of interdependent Nations and um with wealth and power and evenly distributed among them as well and that is pretty much it we're at the end um always feel free to subscribe like um comment and I want to hear the comments I want to hear the feedbacks any improvements you have I want to hear it sharing the video you know get it out there to the your friends and peers um even even if you're not interested send it out you know because um

52:08 support goes a long way and I am providing um a good amount of resource CU remember the reason why I'm doing this is because I realize not a lot of resources are out there for students so you can go ahead and share it for me and yeah the next topic we will be disc discussing in lesson three will be crime and div and that for sure will be an interesting one cuz I'm pretty sure you're from the Caribbean you can relate to almost everything that is being said so see you again next time