Full transcript of “PSIR | Political Economy Approach | UPSC CSE 2021-22 | By Ashna Sisodia”. Click a timestamp to open the video at that moment. Need another video? Use the YouTube transcript generator.
0:00 everyone a very good evening to all of you a very good evening so we are discussing comparative politics and in comparative politics today's topic is political economy approach political economy approach we will start with today's session let me see whether everything is running smoothly or not then we will start the session. Give me one minute. Yes. Everything is running smoothly. Let's
0:46 start the political economy approach. Before starting, the full-fledged course is on the Academy Plus. Political Science and International Relations. If you want that course you can subscribe to that course and when subscribe you use my code. You just have to use my name as Ashna Sissodia. You will get straight 10% discount in your Political Science subscription. The other recommended is that you take a subscription at least for one year. The reason is that you will get a test series here, including this. and apart from that answer writing we are doing and apart from that previous year question discussion,
1:32 you will be here. Okay? Comprehensive way, we will be going for that. Good evening, Akant Shah. Good evening, Kunal. Hi everyone, how are you guys? We will start with the political economy approach. I hope you have seen the previous sessions that I have taken to do comparative politics. So, Comparative Politics is our very important section. Every year, 50, 45, 50 marks question paper is made from here. Okay, so we will start with it. Comparative Politics, see, the most important thing is that we are studying approaches. And the major approaches I am discussing
2:18 here in the coming sessions next month. We will discuss further approaches. Now, for the final part, we have discussed approaches which includes system approach and it also includes structural functional approach that we have covered. On this note, we covered political sociology approach. We have seen a lot of political sociology approach. So that is what we have discussed in depth. Today's topic, we will discuss the next approach. In total, there are seven approaches in our comparative politics syllabus. Today's political economy approach.
3:03 Political economy. We will start with this. Okay, you have to understand the background. Good evening everyone. So we will start with this. Shortly, let's join everyone then we will start with our class. Okay, so, as you know, we have understood this thing in system, structural, and political sociology that when you have to do a comparison, which is a better tool to understand that the present situation is a country, how can we get outcomes, how can we understand future course of action. We gain the understanding of a particular political system, that why are there changes coming from that way, what are the factors that are involved in that, what are factors
3:50 that are involved in that, what are factors that are coming from which are coming from the reason why these changes are coming from us, that we can understand. So one thing we have come to understand is that a multidisciplinary approach is very necessary. We have got a lot of information from that. multi-disciplinary approach. So, what are we doing? We are going to correct politics with the economy. So, we will understand. Okay? Now, as yesterday we studied the political sociology approach, we saw that a political phenomenon has affected a way from society. So, if we study a state's economic policies, what changes are in the political system? will come in a
4:36 good way. In the political economy approach, we have focused on this thing. So that is what we are going to focus on today. In the political economy, we also studied the Marxist point of view. That will be valid here. सेब चीज जो है यहां पर exist करेगी तो political economy is basically involved in studying production and trade कि trade और production का उनके relations का क्या असर पड़ता है सरकार पे आपको पता है कि अलग-अलग सरकारे जो है trade को लेकर के कुछ इस तरीके के barriers create करती है या किसी country में जैसे आपने देखा होगा US-China के बीच में tariff war, trade war जो है वो चल रही थी तो that is a significance कि
5:24 ये US और China के बीच में ही क्यों चल रहा है क्यों ऐसा है कि US का political system में ये लोग जादा trade जो है इनका deficit exist करता है यानि कि ये लोग import जादा चाइना की जो economy है वो export economy है, इनके पूरे economy जो है अभी export पे based है, यही कारण है कि चाइना की जो president है, president Xi Jinping, उनका अभी particular focus इसी चीज़ पे है, कि किस तरीके से, यह लो, हम बाहर की market को access कर पाई, especially इसी के चलते, इन्होंने 2013 में, Belt and Road Initiative भी launch यहाँ पर किया था, That is all to infrastructure will be made and through China's economy
6:13 will also get a boost. In a simple way, if I tell you what is political economy? I will say that political economy refers to interdisciplinary studies upon which is drawing upon economics, economics which focus on that drawing upon economics and other disciplines in explaining the
7:02 crucial role of political factors like us sense me. So you think yourself that when you compare two countries, the first point of comparison is how much GDP is. For example, in case of China, we all know that the GDP standard is $12.9 trillion. In case of India, it is $2.9 trillion. And according to this, you can assess, in fact prescribe, what will be future course of action. क्या होने वाला है और आप solutions भी दे सकते हो what we can do specifically इस रहसाब से देखे जब हमने political sociology पढ़ी जब हमने structural functional approach पढ़ा जब हमने system approach पढ़ा तो हमने
7:50 देखा कि यह सभी जो आपकी you know approaches थी यह सारी approaches descriptive थी यानि कि यह बस situations को describe करती थी उसका solution जो है वो proposed नहीं करती थी लेकिन जब हम देखते हैं political economy approach के बारे में तो खास बात political economy approach में जो हमें दिखाई देती है वो यह है कि यह approach जो है descriptive भी है यह describe भी करती है अच्छे से compare करके साथ ही साथ prescriptive policy भी है यह approach prescriptive का मतलब है कि यानि यह solutions propose करती है कि future course of action में अगर ऐसा किया जाए तो उसका असर क्या � So you can say that it has a solution based approach. So you can see
8:40 that government plays a major role in resource allocation. And in a country there are many resources in each type of economic system. It studies the economic impacts, what can it be in international relations, economic models, which are followed by political processes. What will it be in the impact of its impact? So majorly political economy can be seen in this context. So when it comes to political economy, one thing which is relevant, one thing that we understand is that in case of political economy approach, in this case, what matters is that you So, it is compared to a
9:28 state's economic policies. And the circumstances of the past are explained. If you compare on that basis, this gives you an objective understanding. And this approach helps to propose a solution. That's why the political economy approach is a better tool that is understood today. We saw sociology in the last class, that in which way the sociality is reduced. In which way the sociality is reduced. In case of the sociality, the state underestimated
10:14 the state. हमने यह भी देखा कि पलिटिकल सोशोलोजी में सारी रेलेवेंस वो सोसाइटी को देनी जा रही थी इसकी वज़े से सोशोलोजी के अंडर में डिसिप्लिन जो है वो एक तरीके से मर्च होने बाला था तो उस टाइम पर थेड़ा स्कॉक पुलाती है और कहती है ब्रिंग दस तो यहाँ पर यह समझने के जरूरत है कि political economy का ऐसा नहीं है. Political economy in fact is a very very good tool. यह जो multidisciplinary approach है, जादा दर countries जब भी first point of comparison लेती है, तो उस time पे
10:59 जो है, इसको ही ध्यान में रख करके सबसे जादा लिया जाता है. ठीक है, economy को ध्यान में रखते हुए especially जादा लिया जाएगा. तो हम जब भी comparative politics को देखेंगे कि किस तरीके से compare हो रहा है, economy will be the foremost in this case. That will come at the forefront. जो की जाना दर देखा जाता है. ठीक है? So समझेगे इस चीज को, कि political economy approach में कौन-कौन से ऐसे स्कूल्स हैं जो अनालिसिस देते हैं एकॉनमी को लेकर के जैसे मार्कसिस अप्रोच आती है इक जगा पर ठीक है उनका क्या अनालिसिस रहता है और समझेंगे फिर इस कॉंटेक्स में भी कि आप जिससे सपोस्थ कीजिए इन्डिया को लेते हैं
11:49 India is a case of post-colonial thinkers, what is the case of the post-colonial thinkers? In the economic state, like Humzaal also comes, Humzaal also is an overdeveloped state. But for that, you have a background of paper 1 section A. If you don't have a strong paper 1 section A, then you will have a bit of difficulty in understanding the political economy. That's why, what we will be doing, everything that I will be teaching you today, I will be focused and we are focusing on the background of Paper 1 section A as well. So, the kids think that if we have to learn political economy from this perspective, you will not give a complete picture until you can't give it to your answers. With
12:37 examples, you will not cover the background of Paper 1 section A. Okay? So, we will start first. इसी को तो आप देखेंगे देखो पॉलिटिकल एकॉनमी का आइडिया ऐसा नहीं है कि नया है इस्ट में इनफाक्ट देखो एक होता है वेस्ट वेस्टन कंट्रीज स्पेशली उसको रेफर करते हैं वेस्ट और इस्ट में जो पॉलिटिकल एकॉनमी है यह एंशेंट टाइम कॉट्रेलिया की किताब थी अर्थ शास्त्र
13:23 अर्थ शास्त्र तो अर्थ शास्त्र जो है this is considered as the first textbook in political economy देखे जो अर्थ वर्ड है अर्थ का मतलब ही होता है, material well-being. और पहरे ज़वाने में, land को source of material well-being बारा जाता था. It was considered as a source of material well-being. क्यानिकि, जितने लैंड होगी, उतना सारा resources होगा, और आपकी जो जनता है, जो subjects है,
14:10 वो एक prosperous life जो है, वो जीपाएंगे. क्योंकि वहाँ पर ये चीज मानी जाती थी, कि state जो है वो organic होता है, state जो होता है, it is like an organism, और इसलिए उसको grow करने के लिए expand करना बहुत ज़रूरी होता है, तो हमारे जो को टलिया थे, वो expansionist foreign policy को promote करते थे, उनका माना था, कि एक state को grow करते रहना चाहिए, और इस वज़़े से We have studied this method, but the focus of this is on material well-being. If we look at the economic angle, Kotelia said that the most important obligation of the state is to secure its material well-being. So how much of
14:58 the economic politics has a big role in the economy. एकॉनिमी का कितना बड़ा रूल होता है, किस तरीके से connected होता है, आप अपने लोगों की material well-being किस तरीके से सुधार सकते हैं, उस पे ये focus करता है, तो ये East की बात है, अब हम बात करते हैं West में, West में ये बात किस ने कही थी सबसे पहले, political economy की जो tradition था, जो idea था, ये किस के साथ West में ये स्टार्ट होता है Adam Smith के साथ में और Adam Smith ने अपनी किताब लिखी थी Wealth of Nations Wealth of Nations इस किताब में Adam Smith ने अपनी फेजली
15:47 टेस्ट बुक में ये कहा था कि state को industrial capitalism प्रमोट करना चाहिए यानि state should follow a policy through which we should promote इंडास्ट्रियल कैपिटलिसम सिपित इससे क्या होगा इससे इनोंने कहा कि बहुत सारी वेल्थ जेनरेट होगी देर विल बी जनेरेशन ऑफ वेल्थ ठीक है वेल्थ जनेरेशन जो होगी इससे पूरा स्टेट जो है वो प्रास्परस होगा और ब्रेडेन की जो एकॉनमी है � So one thing comes to mind is that the state can play so much as a role. If we decide economic policies, what kind of country will change a
16:33 particular situation. This is the case. For example, we take a case of China. China decided in the 1970s that we have our economy which was introduced to economic freedom, opened their economy. And China's collective culture was there. So this thing was seen that China has been able to grow exponentially, and now no country was not able to do it. Without the exception of the freedom of existence, this freedom was in the West, but the outcomes were very different. क्यों क्योंकि चाइना की इकनाविक पालिसी ये थी कि कुछ ऐसे से बनाई गए थे इन से बस अलाव किया गया
17:23 कि टाक्स प्री तरीके से की बड़े-बड़े बिसनेस हैं जो भी इस्ट्र पावर हाउसे हैं वो लोग यहां पर अपना बिसनेस रण कर सकते हैं लेकिन से बाहर � a different system. That's why you will see that economic freedom has been given, but political and social freedom has not been seen. All together, changes came. China has given policies, like in China, they didn't have so much resources, but in China there was a demography. And the demography used by leaders क्योंकि political will तो थी ही चाइना में, तो demographic I use ऐसे किया गया, कि लोगों को उस टाइल पर vocational training दे
18:12 करके education के थू skills provided यहां पर किये गए, skill building जो है, वो यहां पर की गई, ठीक है, तो इसको सबचना हमारे लिए important है, तो political economy approach इसे लिए हमें help करती है, political economy approach, it helps us, इन अंडरस्टैंडिंग दे नेचर आफ स्टेट कि उस पर्टिकुलर का नेचर कैसा है वाट इस दे नेचर आफ दी स्टेट साथ वहां की पब्लिक पॉलिसी कैसी है उस स्टेट की वाट इस दे पॉब्लिक पॉलिसी आफ दाट स्टेट इसमें हेल्प करता है जो एक कंट्री
19:04 The same way if policies follow. For example, when the welfare state was proposed in America, we will see that this idea was proposed in the UK in 1970s. Sorry, this is the 1930s. I am talking about that in the 1930s, when the UK and the US were all welfare states came. लेकिन आगे रेलाइस हुआ कि इससे भी नुकसान हो रहा है तो आगे जाकर कि हमने देखा कि UK ने 1970 में सबसे पहले नियो लिबरल पॉलिसी जो है वो स्टार्ट की कि हमें जो है स्टेट के इंटरफेरेंस कम करनी होगी और हमें किसी तरीके
19:54 से जो है स्टेट का जो यह रोल होत यूँकि अगर हम मार्केट को freedom देते हैं तो जादा benefit होता है market क्योंकि best allocation करता है आप देखेंगे ये same चीज आगे फिर US ने करी US ने 1980 में जो है आगे जब देखें ये चीज Margaret Thatcher ने जो कि Prime Minister थी उस time की उन्होंने इंट्रोड्यूस किया था UK में और Ronald Reagan जब आई power में तो Ronald Reagan ने this thing introduced us in US. As we see, UK and US has been very useful and generated wealth. The same idea that they have said to all, that you have to follow
20:40 the neoliberal policies. You can also become a developed state. So, one thing you can see कि political economy जो है वो economics and politics के बीच का जो interface है उसको दिखाती है कि जब यह दोनों मिलकर के साथ में काम करता है तो यह analyze करते हैं basically scholars यहाँ पर economic policies को कि एक particular state की economic policies क्या है of the state and साथी साथ they kind of
21:26 focus on the influence of political factors how these political factors can influence the economic outcomes of a state. Like the political system decided that India, when Modi ji came after 2014, they started giving skill India mission. They also started giving stand up India, and also started starting India. Make in India, in this way, there are many policies and proposals. Red-tapism has been reduced, ease of doing business is working on the government. Recently, the index has been coming, that in
22:14 the ease of doing business index, India has performed a lot better than we used to before. So, one thing I get to see is that the political system किस तरीके के factors से influence होता है और influence हो करके economic factors जो है वैसे हमें क्या देखने को मिलता है, economic outcome क्या देखने को मिलता है यह connected यहाँ पर रहता है political economy approach में. So कहने का मतलब है कि political economy approach it is, it states that, it studies the influence of political
23:01 institutions influence of its studies, the influence of political institutions, like legislature, executive, judiciary. What has the influence of them in implementation and formulation of economic policies. Okay? So, from the political economy approach, we understand the nature of state. The particular state, which is the European policy, it comes to the
23:49 understanding of what a country can adopt. So, in this case, It is a very useful approach. It is a useful approach. Why? Because, we can see qualitative aspects. Okay? How much development has been done. And we can quantify it. Specifically, quantitative aspects. Specifically on that. And the most important thing, कि यह approach prescriptive होती है कहीं पर अगर कोई कमी है किसी economic system backward है तो वहां पर उसका इलाज कैसे किया जा सकता है यह आप compare करके कि दूसरी country ने क्या ऐसा policy को follow किया जिसकी वज़े से उनको फाइदा
24:38 हुआ तो आप अपने यहां पर सेम तरीके का idea अपने conditions को suit करते हुए कहां पर लगा सक एक country की trade policies कैसी है एक country की trade policies कैसी है इस पे focus किया जाता है साथी साथ उस country के जो international financial institutions है ठीक है financial institutions के जो नाम्स है उनका क्या रोल होता है उसको study किया जाता है example कि कोई country current account deficit अगर face कर रही है ठीक है तो वो
25:29 country ज्यादा vulnerable होगी ठीक है वहाँ पर IMF जो है dictate करेगा इसका मतलब है ठीक है क्योंकि जिस country में current account deficit हो रखा है इसका मतलब है वो लोग import ज्यादा कर रहे है import ज्यादा कर रहे हो आप export कम कर रहे हो और अगर कोई country export is very strong, then its reliability is reduced to the IMF. The role of international financial institution runs that also you will be able to understand through political economy approach. But in political economy approach, different schools of thought exist. Different schools of
26:17 thought exist. For example, एक तो है आपका Classical and Utilitarian Approach जो के Liberal Approach में हम देखते हैं जिसमें आते हैं Adam Smith, VC David Ricardo, Jeremy Bentham यह लोग क्लासिकल अप्रोच को बिलॉग करते हैं जो लोग कहते हैं कि स्टेट जो है उसको ऐसी पॉलिसी फॉलोव करनी चाहिए जिसमें माक्सिमम जो है ग्रेटेस्ट
27:02 हैपिनेस और ग्रेटेस्ट नंबर रेफलेक्ट होता हूँ क्योंकि उसमें ट्रिकल डाउन एफेक्ट ह वेलफेर नहीं करना चाहिए, इंटरफेरेंस नहीं करना चाहिए, एकॉनमी में से पैसा निकाल करके, ठीक है, सोशल स्कीरिटी स्कीम में नहीं लगाना चाहिए. दूसरा स्कूल अफ तॉट आता है, वेलफेर एकॉनमिक्स का, जिसमें ये कहते हैं, ठीक है, पॉलिटिकल एक
27:47 अमर्तियस हैं यह लोग सपोर्ट करते हैं कि स्टेट को इंटरफेर करने की जरूरत है इसे अमर्तियस हैं कहते हैं कि स्टेट को कपासिटी बिल्डिंग करने की जरूरत है स्टेट नीज्ट तो गो फॉर कपासिटी बिल्डिंग ठीक है तो कहते हैं स्टेट को पॉलिसी फॉल इसके अलावा फिर हम देखते हैं another school comes which is you know neo liberal school next next school is neo liberal
28:38 school देखें neo liberal school जो है इसमें आते हैं hike इसमें आते हैं Murray Rothbard Robert Nozick and along with this is Jagdish Bhagwati then comes Arvind What is happening? What do people say? Leave it on the market. That means that
29:25 it doesn't need to be able to interfere state. Why? Like Hayek, he is called as the father of neo-liberalism. He is called as father of neo-liberalism. So, what do Hayek say? He has to say कि state को planning नहीं करनी चाहिए. Why? Because he believes that planning is a waste of time. तो यानि कि state को कोई economic policy जो है, वो follow करनी ही नहीं चाहिए. ठीक है? क्योंकि social justice के नाम पे, जो state interfere करता है economy में, तो यह कहते है, social justice is a mirage. Mirage का मतलब होता है, कि यह एक
30:12 illusion होता है. You think there will be some benefit from this, but there is no benefit from it. Fulta says that politicians and bureaucrats are being killed in the name of social justice. They are gang of thieves. They fill their own pockets. They fill their own pockets. So politicians and bureaucrats gang of thieves. So we see that Hayat talked about in this
31:03 case. If the state interferes and plans, it is bound to waste. And Hayat says something else. Hayat says progressive taxation is a bonded labor. It is a bonded labor. Look, when you have a common rule, you don't accept it, you criticize it. Why are you asking the Amir to pay more tax? This is also a common rule. Besides, you can promote a charity that you can promote your own personal
31:49 charity. So, we see that a different school of thought exists in the political economy. In which people say that a state should be a minimal state, a state should follow these policies, which is enhanced national income. per capita income is increasing, trickle down effect, greatest happiness and greatest number will come in front of us. So, follow these policies. So, this is the minimum state. But the other thing is welfare economics. In which we see that capacity building is said that the state will interfere with the state. So, there is a marginal section especially in its
32:37 benefits. and the people who are still stable are there. But Marxists say that there are problems. If you follow welfare economics, especially Marxist Habermas. Habermas is a legitimate one. We will study the Legitimation Crisis. Now we will study the Legitimation Crisis and quickly understand what it is. These are all things that are associated with your political economy. Okay, let's move on. We have done a neoliberal school. After that, we will study. Next idea comes to your Marxist. Marxist School of Thought comes. Marxist School of Thought comes in two schools. One comes
33:25 in Dependency School. Dependency School. There are two things in Dependency School. One is A, G, Frack. And one comes here. Samir Amin Samir Amin एक आते हैं Emanuel Wallerstein Emanuel Wallerstein Emanuel Wallerstein ठीक है तो AD Frank हो गए एड Samir Amin है Emanuel Wallerstein है ये लोग कोर पेरी-फेरी model of the core periphery model especially AGFRAC. They
34:16 say that one is core countries and the rest of the periphery countries. They come to the periphery like South Asia, Latin America, Africa, Central Asia and South East Asia countries come from the country. All these are dependent on which core countries. Which core countries are completely dependent on which core countries? Core countries are advanced countries with cultural power, political power, economic power, technological power, military power. Their military also is advanced. So, these countries come from core countries.
35:04 So Marxists would say that from the point of view of international political economy, all these countries depend on which they depend on, which they depend on. And where are these things inspired from? These are all things from Lenin. Lenin gave his theory of imperialism. In which they said that imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism. high estate, meaning when they don't exploit their people, they change their location and they start exploiting the colonies. So these people are dependent, they become peripheries and
35:53 they become dependent on them. If there will be any investment here or technology transfer, then they can improve something. Therefore, they don't have enough resources to take that way. So, this is what happens. The rest is the other part. Then Marxist comes to Hamza Alvi. Hamza Alvi. This is very important. Hamza Alvi actually talks about over developed state. Over developed state.
36:44 developed state. It means that when you see Western countries, as they were developing economic development, they also developed political development. But Hanza Alvi specifically, the post-colonial state, they focus on them. So you can understand through them that why countries like India Pakistan is there. Why is there poverty there? Why is there not been economic development? Why
37:31 is there not been built ब्रिटिशस की वज़े से, इनके कलोनियन मास्टर्स की वज़े से, पॉलिटिकली ये लोग ओवर डवलप्ट हो गई है, ठीक है, पॉलिटिकली ये लोग ओवर डवलप्ट हो गई है, और पॉलिटिशस जो है, इतना ज्यादा पॉलिटिकली अक्टिव है, कि कोई भी एकोनो that there is a lack of political will. Let me tell you, first
38:20 there will be economic development and then there will be political development. After that, people will be politically active and say things. So, this is what happened in Western countries. But in East, especially, we focus on South Asia, that people have been very developed in South Asia. Politically, it is so developed that everyone knows their rights and position of power. Especially, we have a bureaucratic state here. Or, as I can say, the licensed regime exists. Or, as Pakistan's specific, because Humzaal also gives its analysis, Humzaal also has the focus of the
39:08 focus of the Pakistan. If you look at the Pakistan, you will understand that in Pakistan, You will see that there is military bureaucracy. So there is military bureaucracy. There is also this way. That's why Humzaal says that there are economic policies that work in that way. That's why you will see Pakistan's case, it is a third world country. third world country and it is all because of our developed state. Our politics is so big that in the
39:54 politics of South Asia, which was the South region, was created for regional cooperation. The purpose behind that was regional integration. Why is it not doing it? It is because of political parties here. Political parties are downgrade for their benefit. They play the whole election on this. Like India is Pakistan. India is Pakistan or India is Nepal. Now look at the Communist Party of Nepal.
40:42 When they were responsible for their failures, they were responsible for their failures. Nepal is a third world country in today's time. Nepal is a poverty in today's time. They blame India for it and say that it is the reason for India. Because India is under Nepal, if you can see, there was a blockade of the entire world. The entire blame was put into India. So these anti-India sentiments develop and on its basis, this party comes into power. They come into power and they come into power. So this topic is made by political issues. and
41:27 people who are in nationality and are in religion, they don't understand what is wrong with them. So, sometimes people don't talk about unemployment, why is it unbeknownst, why is it not being able to do anything. Sometimes people don't talk about peace, sometimes people, you will see that the elements of the society, especially the people who are in the same situation, don't talk about it. and in the name of nationality, they create an illusion. They create a false consciousness, which is not able to integrate here. And that is all because of India and Pakistan, they are having an overdeveloped state. They have overdeveloped state from the beginning.
42:18 Usually what should happen? First, economic development should happen after that and after that, political development should happen. According to Humza Rivi, China is economically developed. Politically, there is no development in China. But if you understand Western thinkers, Western thinkers say that that if economic freedom comes, political freedom will also come. But we see that China has not been happening in China. In fact, it is not happening in China. The ultra-Chinese government is more authoritarian. People are keeping their attention, who are involved in
43:05 activities. Chinese government has a lot of control. So these are the schools of thought that we can see different schools of thought. So that means that the political economy approach is used in today's time especially for India. India is used in this study. There are also many scholars included in this. There is Pranab Bharnan. There is Atul Kohli. There is Arthur Kohli and there is Rudolf and Rudolf
43:51 Rudolf and Rudolf here and there is Francie Frankel and there is Munan Meidel He says that India is a soft state. India will be very difficult to get any policy in India because because of Gandhi, we have got our independence from non-obedience, disobedience. So we have a lot of respect for those who do not obey the law. Those who do not obey the law. That's why in India there is muscle power, और आप देखोगे कि money, यह
44:42 सबी चीजे, corruption यह बहुत है, तो यह इस चीज को highlight करते हैं, तो आप इनको ना discuss कर सकते हो economic point of view से, जिसे आतुर कोहली कहते हैं कि इंडिया में आज तक तो land reforms नहीं हुए है, इसी वज़े से इंडिया जो है, यह दिखाता है कि politicians उनके पास में बिल ह So, when there are land reforms in India, this is the way you get to know how politically developed, overdeveloped, we call it India is. So, you can highlight this. These people have analyzed it. Like Atul Kohli has analyzed it on land reforms. You will see the Green Revolution. When
45:28 there was a Green Revolution, the OBC section in North India was in the economy these people were economically developed and they were out of Congress and they made their own party which is Sapa, the government party. We see that further, the other party came out of Congress and they made their own party like BSB. So, in this way, politicization is happening today. In fact, India is politically overdeveloped. But political economy is not only a case of the benefit of the political economy. There is a disadvantage also.
46:14 What is the disadvantage? What is the disadvantage of the political economy approach? First, the disadvantage is that it only focuses on one thing. It only focuses on analyzing the economic policies. That is, what we see here is that because we analyze the economic policies here, only and only, so the other factors have underestimated. Only the economic factors have been given. Okay, by which we get to see a partial analysis here. So
47:05 this is a monocasual approach. You are comparing the fake factors to compare. So the question is that you can ask critically examine the Marxist aspect of political economy. What do you think Marxist aspect especially is that you can ask this. So you can tell this in Marxist. First of all, what do you do? A question is from comparative politics. So you can tell about comparative politics. You can tell this that comparative politics is one of the oldest discipline. It is one of the oldest discipline and
47:56 that there are various approaches there are various approaches to the study of comparative politics to the study of comparative politics jis mein se political economy is one such approach it is one such approach aur joo tradition hai political economy ka You can tell that in East it is as old as Kortelia. Kortelia came from East. But the modern political economy in West, where is its origin? From Adam Smith.
48:43 Now let's tell you what is what is the political economy approach. It analyzes countries economic a country's economic policies, analyze it. So basically, a country's macroeconomic policies, macroeconomic policies, analyze it. So, a political economy has an advantage. It has an advantage. Is it quantitative?
49:29 and the second is descriptive and with the same prescriptive in nature and in the approach is normative also, qualitative aspect also tells it quantitative as well as qualitative okay values, which you need to pursue, you need to take care of it then you will tell different schools and the most important thing you asked is that is Marxist approach. After that, you will start focusing on Marxist approach. So, you will tell Marxist approach how developed it. Marxist approach emerged as a
50:20 reaction against Adam पॉलिजिकल एकॉनमी चीक है बाकि काल मार्क्स क्या मानते थे मार्क्स ये मानते थे कि जो आडम स्मित है उनकी पॉलिसी की वज़े से जो भी वेल्थ जटरेट होगी वो एंटायर नेशन के लिए नहीं होगी इट विल नॉट बी फॉर दी एंटायर नेशन विल नॉट बेन They were saying it will benefit only few. Some people will benefit.
51:10 So Karl Marx had prescribed what was that? The ownership of means of production. The ownership of means of production. Now, there are two approaches to this. One is a neo-Marxist approach. In which, post-colonial societies also have been given here. In which you will tell. Okay, you will tell those approaches. You will tell instrumentalists. and structural also, which is in
51:59 basic Marxism. Right? Relative autonomy can be this and that. But mainly you have to focus on post-coronial society because its analysis is very important. Like A.G. Frank, Emanuel Wallerstein, how did he study the Middle East, how did he study Africa. Then, structuralist comes from you. That's important. and the concept of overdeveloped state, you can highlight it. So, from this way, I will tell you. Finally, I can conclude that the backstreet approach is primarily criticised the liberal approach in the political economy and it criticises
52:45 the operation of capitalism at different levels. But again, I will say that the lack of this is देखो यह सिर्फ और सिर्फ किस चीज़ पर फोकस करती है, इट ओनली फोकस अपन इकोनोमिक फैक्टर, बाकी सब भी फैक्टर होते हैं जो यहां पर इंपोर्टेंट रोल जो है प्ले करते हैं, तो तो तो यह लिए पेखते हैं, Then I will do a quick revision to you that we covered some topics here. What is the system
53:32 approach? We saw how we can learn Western and non-Western countries. We saw that in the center there is a political system which plays an important role. Then we saw how we can learn इन्पुट जनरेट होता है डिमांड एंड सपोर्ट की फर्म में ठीक है और पिर अमने देखा आउटपुट जनरेट होता है पॉलिसीज एंड डिसिशिंस की फर्म में ठीक है सुद्यरिस इन्पुट देर इस आउटपुट यहां से फीडबाग लूप काम करती है फीडबा�
54:21 ठीक है and it performs unique authoritative allocation of resources इसके binding decisions होते हैं ठीक है इसलिए भी important है ठीक है और डिमांड जो है इसमें बताते है चार्टैप की डिमांड है और चार्टैप की सपोर्ट है चार्टैप की पॉलिसीस एंडिसिशन होते है यह कन्वर्जन करता है इस तरह किसा बना दीजेगा यह डिसकस कर दीजेगा इसमें अपार्ट फ्रम दाट वट एल्स फिर आ
55:19 and in structure function approach we see that it is in the political system center and in input side there are some structures and functions which perform and what happens here? if we see in structure, it comes to different structures first is family and educational institution comes, then comes media, then comes pressure group, pressure group,
56:06 and then comes a structure of political parties. function क्या होता है? political socialization, इनका होता है political communication, इनका होता है interest articulation, इनका होता है interest aggregation, right? interest aggregation यह input जाएगा, यहाँ पे conversion होगा and on the output side then we see कि structure and function जो available होते है, structure होता है इसमें legislature, executive and judiciary यह lawmaking का function perform करते हैं यह लोग implementation का करते हैं और यह लोग adjudication का implement करते हैं तो इस तरीके से होता है और यह इस तरीके से
56:54 feedback loop जो है वो काम करता है feedback loop इसके भी जो criticism था वो same ही था जो हमने last class में देखा था ठीक है? तो आज के session में हमने I have all this research, political and sociological research. I am telling you that this is more depth. These topics are very much depth. I have tried to give you an overview of this session. If you have to study all these topics in depth, you can subscribe to the plus button. You can use this code as well. You will get straight to 10% discount. and if you don't have a subscription, then you will get free mentorship
57:41 in case you are using my code for an academy plus subscription. This is it for this session. Thank you very much. Bye bye. Have a good day. And besides all your sessions, those are the classes that will be happening next month. It will be happening next month. So make sure next month you follow the sessions. And again I am repeating it. Whatever topic we have studied, they have studied with overview. Because it is impossible to study this topic in such a depth with examples, with all the nitty gritties. So I will suggest you to
58:30 go for PLUS platform. This is it for this session. Thank you very much. Bye bye.
