UGC NET Paper 1 Informal Fallacy by Aditi Mam | Paper 1 in 10 Mins

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1:50 So guys, today we are going to revise the informal form in 10 minutes. For you guys, informal form means in any way, ma'am, when any mistake occurs in the argument, any problem occurs, any kind of error occurs, then we call it informal form. And today you guys are going to read the informal form. We will revise it in 10 minutes. So first of all, let's see what is the difference between formal and informal. Like, right now, the clothes that I am wearing are informal clothes, now if I wear the same tie and go for a walk, it looks perfect, you guys call it formal. Formal means structure wise. Like, you know that we have a standard format, that is the premise of any argument. First, the major premise, then the

2:35 minor premise, then you guys have follow by the conclusion and many other things. That there should be a middle term distributor, this or that, all those things which we have already read, all these things are there in formal fallacy, there should not be any mistake in the formal structure, there should not be any discrepancy in the logic of the argument, this is also the work of your argument, that is, informal fallacy talks about the fact that there should not be any kind of logical problem, logical error in your argument, see the question, it is a very famous topic of logical reasoning and it is a very easy scoring unit, it is going to be learned by reading, right, so you will see that you are told that in this way you are given a situation and you are asked what types of fallacies are there,

3:21 brother, what types of fallacies are these, what are those, that means here you people are asked situational based test type questions, now to solve these questions, we first have to learn this informal fallacy for you There can be a total of 25 to 30 types of spreads, you should be well aware of them, like your informal spread content has spreads, any kind of error that occurs in the spread, like here, if you see, all feathers are light, light is not dark, all feathers are not dark, what is this error doing, this is a meaningful error, okay, it is trying to remove the thing that is not written, a forced error is coming, this is what you guys call informal spreads, now as you must be seeing on the screen right now, on this

4:08 slide, you have four categories, four broad categories of informal spreads, spreads of relevance come, weak induction, you have pressman and you have amgoo, some such things come due to confusion, some such things are there, some such spreads are informal spreads which come because we pre-assure something in advance, some come because of that Such that ma'am, if you did not find any common thing in the patterns that you had found, then your induction becomes weak and what happens is that there is no relevant topic, there is no relevant matter at all, but still what are you people doing, you bring the questions, so there are four major categories, you are asked questions on these as well, for example, you will be asked that the bagging the question, which of the four

4:53 categories does it belong to, in this way the questions are made in your exam, so there are four major categories, first of all understand that whoever is your main topic, the main logic that you are arguing, will try to say something else by moving away from that logic, like that scare crow related topic, you change your topic, like red hearing topic, you are mainly talking about the main issue, you twisted it and started talking about something else, that is what kind of topic of yours Relevance then comes such a fallacy that we are talking about without sufficient evidences of you people, like I said, whatever common pattern we were trying to find out, we did not find it, so what do you people do, you people are sticking anything, we do not have any truth to say something, so what are we doing on our own will, we are saying the thing right, we are making the

5:39 argument correct, then comes that we already have some things, if we assume then that is your fallacy of principles and there is another fallacy of confusion, in which what do we do, we confuse between two things, now for example you see this chart, in this I have tried brother that all the things come on a single slide, like relevance fallacy, so in your fallacy of relevance, first of all comes to you people to know why see it is better than time, in childhood I had told you people an example, in childhood we used to say like this, shut up. So the person in front used to say, you shut up, the same thing, when we are saying the same thing to each other, it is the same thing, so there is a group which does a hypocrite, if the other person does it, they taunt him a lot, we

6:26 ourselves are doing the same thing, so this is called the face of hypocrites, you have the de baculum ad baculum, we also call it appeal to force, you people also call it a gun, appeal to the stick also, that means what are we going to do, we are saying by forcefully threatening someone, like if I threaten you and tell you that you have to do JRF, I ca n't get your JRF done at gunpoint, so that is your ad baculum appeal to force, forcefully getting some work done from someone, appeal to piety, see, this appeal to piety happens in it that because of simpletons we are giving the logic that no no ma'am, he cannot commit murder, he comes from a very poor family, so what did we do, pity his poverty By giving property with emotion

7:11 we said that he cannot commit murder, then this is not a big deal, is n't it, you people call it appeal to pity, it is also called appeal to simplicity, it is also called victim hood and magic dium is also called this, there is an appeal to your people, de popular, it is related to popularity, it is also known as band bangan fayre appeal to people or appeal to belief, ad popular talks about following the popular, when all of us start believing a thing to be right which we like only and only because it is popular, isn't it, when something becomes very popular then we think it must be right, this is credibility, not validity, I had read in research, so this is your de popular just because most people believe this, so we also believe this, herd mentality

7:58 comes, your people's de homie ad homie name, this is the one which is also called Donald Trump fayre, now you can say against the person Yes, you can call it a personal attack, you are abusive attack, right? When you do n't have any logical thing to argue with someone, then we start talking about his personality, we stereotype him, right? Or we start body shaming, oh friend, what will he tell, that was the example of Totapuri, someone is roaming around in a party wearing a green suit and red pants and is also saying something good, then we will say, oh friend, what will you say, you yourself are roaming around like a Totapuri, so in this way, it is called ad hoc personal attack, if we are talking against a person, then your straw and fallacy comes,

8:44 straw and fallacy is such a fallacy in which we are trying to deviate from our argument, what are we doing, we are misinterpreting our words, straw and fallacy, this is the same one, the one which is a scarecrow, right? Why is the scarecrow put up on your farms? So that no crow or any bird or anything of this sort comes near you, so that there is no problem and our farm is not harmed. A man cannot stand all day, so instead of a man, he makes a scarecrow in which the face of a man is there, so the birds etc. feel that, the crows etc. feel that the man is standing and should not go. So whatever is your main point, the main issue, what do you do with it, misinterpret it, turn it around, so we call it storm and fail.

9:30 Your red hearing fall is such a fall that diverts your main issue. Here we misinterpret the argument and here we divert it, like for example, I had given you this example of class in childhood. Often, when we did not feel like studying in childhood, we used to do it. We used to say to the teacher that teacher ma'am ma'am ma'am please take our class test today, we know a lot, you should take our class test, so the teacher used to say that okay let's take the class test, so she used to take the class test of you people and in the class test you people did not have to write anything, we used to give a blank page ma'am and you did not even have to study the class, so you diverted from the main issue of yours, you have not misinterpreted it, you have diverted it, here red

10:16 hearing is diverting the main issue and your strum and fallacy is that you people misinterpret the information that is being given, instead of that you start understanding some other alternative information, so this is your strum and fallacy, we also call red hearing fallacy of yours, erato inch, this question is very common in your exams, red hearing is very famous, some of yours come, see Weak or defective induction related issues now as we talked about, if you guys suppose an analogy is very weak, analogy means when we are finding out similarity between two things and there is no similarity at all, there is no similarity, then what will that be, that will also bring your weak analogy, then if I talk about it then unqualified authority also comes here,

11:03 okay, unqualified authority means accepting any such thing or the words of a person who is not on the correct authority, is unqualified to speak like for example if a child or a person who has never done JRF himself starts telling you about JRF, then it will be what it will be your unqualified authority, isn't it, like for example it is about PhD, without doing any research about PhD, if I also make a video then mine will also go under unqualified authority, right, but if I am giving the correct logic, then it will not be false, but if there is a flaw in the logic itself If I say that doing PhD is bad then what will happen, he can be a hypocrite and he can also be your unqualified authority then comes the appeal to ignore. Ignore has means that when we do not have anything to prove, then

11:48 we assume that thing to be wrong, isn't it? When the person in front is telling us something and we do not know the right thing, then we trust him that he must be saying the right thing because you do not know the right thing, due to lack of evidence, when we assume something to be true, then it becomes your appeal to ignore has and then the very very famous hasty generalization hasty generalization means that if you have drawn any conclusion in a situation, then you generalize it, that is hasty generalization, our Komolika wala example will come in this, she played a protagonist antagonist in one serial, that does it mean that she is in nature or she is their The personality itself is negative, just because they did this in a movie or a serial, so we made an image of them that she must be ma'am, her house must be broken, she

12:33 comes and roams around, her hair must be broken, this is called hefty generalization, you can also call it over generalization, you know this, your false cause, false cause means that when we are studying the cause and effect, only then the conclusions come out, then the two have nothing to do with each other, means the reason that you people have, it does not exist at all, there is no actual reason for anything to happen, so what do we call this, it is called false cause, very very famous again, I will say here after ST generalization, the one on which most questions are raised, slippery slope, slippery slope is making a mountain out of a molehill, forcefully, as if I tell you people, imagine, I sometimes do this a lot as a joke, I do this with my friends, I do this with my younger sister

13:19 When we go to a restaurant, we use tissues a lot, don't we? You are using tissues a lot, you have used them twice, you have used them thrice, you have used them 10 times. So I always tell her like this, look at the trees outside, look at the trees outside. And I say, look, this one is visible right now, the way you are using the tissue, you will not see this tree after some time. So, this means that my basic meaning is that brother, tissue means paper, paper is made by cutting trees, so trees are being cut, global warming is decreasing, this or that place, I mean, I made a small thing that he used an extra tissue, where do I take it and make a mountain out of a molehill, so making a big thing out of a small thing, ma'am, what do we call this, making a mountain out of a molehill, making it a slippery slope, then this comes for you people, your

14:05 fair share of prisons, whatever fairs are there, these are not asked about so much. yes but yet it is important so let's see once that brother now it is there so let's read it presupposition means to ask something in advance like bagging the question now bagging the question is also called petit principle circular argument is also called when you draw a conclusion from the premise itself means whatever is written in the conclusion write it in passive form in a roundabout way then it is called bagging the question right then you people have a complexion complexion means what do you people have presupposition you are bringing multiple multiple content here and you are mixing a lot of things and nothing is understood, you are not able to draw a conclusion sometimes you might have noticed right then

14:50 when we don't know something then we speak too much we start speaking too much then we feel that we will speak more things we will speak multiple things so which It is an exact logic, it will go round and round, it will remain stuck in the same things, this is called a complex, when you do n't find any relation between your premise and conclusion, then you can say and multiple premises are giving you people, there is no conclusion of that thing, then you can call it a complex, then you people get false Dakota, wherever the word Dicto comes, it means that when we have only two situations, let's leave only two situations, moving away from the exact topic, we say you either say yes or no, if your friend does any wrong thing, then he asks you will you support me or you will not, then poor thing, you are

15:35 left with only two options, that means you have become poor, in this condition you have only two options, ma'am if you say yes then you will have to do wrong things and if you say no then the friendship will break, so in this way when you people have a situation, there are two possibilities and out of the two You have to choose one, we can call it False Doc Dakotar Bhaiya, our spread of ambi guti confusion, which confusion spread like spread of composition, spread of composition and spread of division are opposite to each other, a big thing has to be taken to small things, this division and small things have to be combined to make a big thing, it is composition, that is, when all of you start

16:21 feeling that the lesson is true, therefore the whole will also be true, right, small things are true, due to this the whole thing will also be true and when you apply a big true thing to small things and say that this will also be true, right, like for example, if I tell you people that by going to Delhi and preparing for UPSC, everyone becomes an IAS, right, so this is the face of division, not everyone becomes one, you are assuming that whoever goes to Delhi and prepares for UPSC will become an IAS, it does not happen like this, you have assumed that everyone who goes to Delhi and prepares for UPSC will become an IAS, that is what your face of is. Division When you start applying a universal truth to a particular, it is not necessary that it will happen right and if small things of the composition are true, then what did you make of it, made it universal, by combining them you said that this will also be true, then

17:07 comes your form of accent, we all know that in different accents, different things are pronounced differently, right? Our Indian accent is different, English accent is different, American accent is different, Caribbean accent will be different, everyone's accent is different, so the difference that you people have in pronouncing the language, what do you call it, we call it form of accent, like we live in India, why do we need to go outside, you see how much confusion there is in the way of speaking in North India and South India, like for example, many of my students come from West Bengal, so when I listen to them, I feel like this, boy What do you do, they make a girl into a boy, their Hindi is a little weak, so that is the spread of accent, then comes the spread of your amphibole. The meaning of amphibole is

17:53 when there is misinterpretation because of your grammatical constructions, that is your f of amphibole and then comes your equivocation. Equivocation means what do you try to find forcefully in two situations, you people forcefully say that this is equated, that this is happening, then this must also be happening, you try to forcefully apply an analogy when there is no analogy, that means what are you people doing, you use a word which is used at two different places but their meaning may be the same, like polymorphic, right, so exactly in the same way, you have used the same word at two different places, you feel that it is the same, it is analogous, but they are not the same, right? The same word is used at different places. If you apply it, it has a different meaning,

18:38 right? Just like that, there is a question on the face of your equal vocation. I am giving it to you in the homework. Do tell me what the correct answer would be. I will make you solve a question of this which I had shown you in the beginning. Let me see it and tell me the answer. Now what is its answer? Look at its answer. You were told that the famous actor Jimmy Packer has said in an interview that astrology is a real science. Then the scientist must now acknowledge that astrology is actually a science. That means Jimmy Bhaiya said it. So we will believe that Jimmy Bhaiya said it. He is an actor, what does he know about science? So our correct answer will be there. Appeal to these accurate authorities. So in this way, the questions of you people are asked in the exam. I

19:25 hope that I have tried to make you people revise this thing as quickly as possible. So look at all of them, there are four major types. What are the sub-types in that type and what is the meaning of all those types? A lot of words get mixed up and we use them in our arguments, that's why confusion occurs, so there is a detailed video of this as well, go to the logical reasoning playlist and watch it. Do tell me the answer of the rest of the homework questions in the comment section. We will meet again tomorrow at 8 in your 10-minute series and tonight at 9:00 pm you guys know that I am getting question practice done live for you. Today I will bring a mini marathon and how to do ICT. You guys have to make sure of 20 marks, we will discuss that today, ok guys, thank you so much, bye Adle