Vijayanagara Empire for Prelims | Medieval Indian History | UPSC CSE 2023 | By Nikhil Sheth

0:00 [Music] thank you coming to the first part vijayanagar vijayanagar is an Empire that started somewhere in 1330s and went on for more than 200 years to 10 years for somebody so it's a very long Empire to 20 years or something if you look at that is the core aspect vijayanagar also lingered on much after that for almost a century the last Dynasty in which we are not interested because it was a very weak rule similarly some when we see Delhi sultanate of the five Dynasty the first three are important to us last war not important in the Mughal Empire also

0:48 we have the early main mughals from Babar to aurangzeb then we have 150 years of post aurangzeb Mughal era and they were very minor power significant for history of India so we call them later mughals likewise in the case of vijayanagar also we have four dynasties gismuth is second and fourth is not very important to us first and third is important so we'll see to look at so this is the green area which is the domain of business Empire it started as I said in 1330s and then continued for a long time and successively four major dynasties ruled over it

1:33 there are a lot of Hello a lot of things that we have regarding this Empire and this Empire has a very long history for 2-20 years we have five double dynasties first one two three make up around 220 years Etc it's not a short thing if you look at Mughal Empire also as I said if you count the dates from Babar till the aurangzeb how many years 180 years so a considerable area considerable influence huge amount of cultural contribution and longer duration of transparent the original another is equally important that you should understand but because most of you come from North India and then South becomes something like South we don't know much it is very

2:19 Arcane very important very fundamental very useful adjectives but ultimately we don't know much about it so that is why I said in the beginning that you might come across many things which are supposed to be basic knowledge but you would not know them but we have a friend here from madurai who will take his help also he is from Tamil in the region and uh was not originally Tamil Kingdom so they can go let me go you let me take you to the five dynasties first one by one the first one is sangam Dynasty of which the two became the first and second rulers who established the empire

3:05 and then we have other things in this we what we shall look at is only harihar and bukka the first two kings and then two other important Kings of the dynasty devaraya one and devaraya second that's all we don't have to look at all the things not important example point of view only this who and these two four are important to us not connected at all dear then we have salwar Dynasty established by narasimha this dynasty is again very short duration Dynasty early 20 30 years not more than that and it is not important to us only one important thing happened in nanosphere transition took place then the next Dynasty is

3:50 established by virus and the most famous thing is so in the era of kdr in another its second height the first height the first golden age of is already reached in the receipts the power to the new height once again so the first golden age comes in the sangama era second age comes in the purva era and afterwards it lingers on somewhere else not from vijayanagara not from hampi but from somewhere else and that

4:38 last phase is by dynastical arabido Dynasty so that would think is not that important to us so we'll focus more onion and Aliyah foreign now let me tell you one more thing that vijayanagara immersed not in isolation but in some context and that context was the Fallout of the expansion of MBT in South India well MBT expanded South India and then he receded back because of rebellions

5:23 many new States emerged one of them for example you see his expansion in odisha leading to the change in gajapatis but that is again not part of our history but it is very significant but anyway you come to Deccan we have bahamani's emerging and everything are emerging almost simultaneously almost because vinegar starts little earlier both of them are kind of Rebel States against snorkeling Hindu and Muslim fighting each other or are they South Indians fighting North Indians so depending on where you lie on the spectrum of political ideology if you are like I think you will say the Hindu Kingdom against uh Muslim Kingdom that is and if you are on the center or left you would say no no this is South Indian people telling North Indian don't come

6:09 South and rule over us we have our own independence so it's a political debate that goes on it's okay but my point is that both vijayanagara and bahamandi emerged almost simultaneously in the chaos that was caused by tubular expansion and both of them existed for a long time and both of them kept fighting each other for a long time till the very end who amongst the two diets first so let us look at this this is the map of South India Peninsular India before the MBT Etc all of them are wiped by MBT and when MBT recedes we have emergence of vijayanagara and bahamani so they are

6:54 neighbors today's Karnataka Andhra Pradesh Kerala and Tamil Nadu collectively made vijayanagara and Maharashtra some part of North Karnataka some part of North Telangana etc etc so they went on fighting for a long time of which bhavani dies out and then we have the five sultanas coming up vinagara continues for a long time this five year Ahmad nagar bijapur uh Etc and then Golconda Etc and then these three people who remain they come together from an alliance and then the Republic is gone yes as an alliance which

7:41 is from uh we have Ahmad nagar bijapur and Golconda this will be welcome yes that is the battle of talikota because especially because of the activities done and a very famous battle of anybody raichur and we'll see that so this is the basic timeline is it clear now what I have done I have taken architecture we shall study that separately when we study I think we have studied that picture already that part is done so today will not go into architecture but we'll go into culture rest of the culture Maybe music maybe literature it could be religion

8:28 everything so what I have done I have first made some pages where we'll go through from King to King will trace the story chronologically especially a political story and within that itself I have put in cultural story so every King important political actions important cultural actions likewise because the idea should be clear in your mind chronological and once that part is done we'll go to Administration economy Etc of Interventional I could have taken culture out completely and put in the end like in my subject you should have the clarity of timeline so this is the symbol of Genera Empire the Royal emblem if you are aware of it it is but it is not like guptas guptas

9:19 these are also initially vaishnav or don't know not like that Early Childhood cares at this symbolism always claimed that we are the inheritor of the old tradition of decal and we continue this early continuation forward symbol they continue with some modification you should know that so let us look at the story I'll tell you foreign

10:09 long afterwards we have Hamilton a very famous English botanist who was doing Survey of inter-south India and he came across the remains of virginity in northeastern Karnataka so that is the first kind of awareness of modern world with vijayanagara then the real collection of data is done by a person called Mackenzie so that is called as Mackenzie manuscripts he was a kind of endologist he used to study the texts and Sanskrit

10:58 text primarily and he came across it apart from Mackenzie we have another person called Mark Wilkes Mark wiltz was in the court of was a British resident in the court of Mysore and he published lot of things he got hold of many data but the main work is done by a person called Robert civil yep Robert civil wrote a book I think 120 years ago I'd say 190 zero May yeah 1901 may be called The Forgotten Empire and he focused a lot on the Portuguese sources especially the travelogues of

11:46 two people one is Domingo Pius another is Fernando nunis these are the two Portuguese Travelers who came to vijayanagara Pious and Nunes fires came in the era devaraya and nunis came in the era of immediately after that when Kadir was dead and both of them wrote a lot about kediarc and he wrote about that in detail he wrote a book called The Forgotten Empire a very glowing accountant he is the one who put a story it was a Hindu Empire resisting the Muslim Invasion from North India and the all the story of vidyaranya Swami and they became a Harrier converting to Islam coming back to

12:32 Hinduism because he studied those things a lot then we have Indians coming up and we have many historians near kanta shastri we have other names like uh escorts and many many people they try to go beyond this Portuguese sources and they bring inscriptions Telugu poems Telugu poems are a lot of the poems in Telugu give us information about uh krishnadevaraya or the vijayanagara so sources came afterwards he was a kannada person gradually history got enriched so you should know some basic background was

13:17 forgotten completely 120 years ago we have got to know about it 200 years at Max now come to our history we'll now go chronologically the founders are the two of the five brothers the story is very well known they were the spirits of either of warangal or as of dwarasma some historians they we don't know the historian stability is unresolved till today but either they were from or from we don't know but both of these domains were anywhere destroyed by moment with uh MBT at the same time he came to South

14:04 he annexed them while he annexed them in Logan do you know the story are you on the story no okay so in 1326 the armies of MBT overran the Deccan were defeated arrested and brought to Delhi where they were converted to Islam they were restored to completely completely is the small principality in Karnataka immersed as a very small principality there in Karnataka to work they became Muslims then they were reported South Africa go now to the South as representative of sultanate and we as a governor actor they got opportunity so they restored to completely to rule

14:51 in the name of Delhi Sultans as a vessel of MBT according to a legend they were reconverted to by their Guru with their Anna Swami of sringeri mud spelling is wrong here it should be sringeri it's in Karnataka foreign and they ruled jointly and assumed titles such as Hindu Raya suratrana what is this means Sultan from Hindu Sultan it is in

15:37 linguistic it is called hyper correction that the term originally is not transcript but you invent a Sanskrit pedigree for it is actually Sultan's hospitalization Hindu Sultana so let us look at the Kings one by one the first thing is harihara the founder so initially he controlled the region around only and gradually expanded it is at the same time he was again who is glorified a lot by some Tamil historians as a very uh cat hangers uh patriotic and kind of Hindu Raja who

16:25 died fighting for Hinduism against Muslim we don't know to what extent it is factual but it is glorified in South in many stories he died fighting against madurai Santana what is in Deep South exactly at the same time when we have emergence of bahamanis we have the emergence of vijayanagara we also have the emergence of madurai Sultana it was a very short duration madurai you know that story no Swami was in madurai and he was somehow disrespected by madurai Sultan so he took a vow that I will come back and describe yourself

17:14 wiped out so um and the vacuum was created allowed harira to emerge as a sovereign lord of the East and the West that itself shows that by this time only 13 39 they have got some control over eastern coast and western coast it means it was a large territory it's not a small principality anymore in the beginning it's and in 1346 they have the Assembly of five brothers Pancha sangama gathered in sringeri singeri was a very important Shiva Center also it is one of the Matas established by shankaracharya Adi

18:01 shankaracharya gathered in sringeri to celebrate herrera's dominance from east to the West they marked this marked the inaugural moment for the formation of the new state vijayanagara with the principal deity of the dynasty or city called Guru paksha so Pampa Devi and virupaksha are the deities of the city foreign and by mid 1340s within a decade they conquered entire Karnataka they used to call them then afterwards comes his brother

18:48 becomes the king the interesting thing about buka is that his son the name of the sun you should this year it is important fact until last year I would not have taught this but this year it is important because of an interesting development that has happened over the last couple of months I will tell you foreign and he led the campaign against madurai and then he defeated madurai completed the worship of the Temple of Swami at uh srirangam which was stopped after the envity's attacked for from decade wins once was gone the murti was brought

19:35 back into Temple and the worship resumed I think you know all these things was completely wiped out the wife of Kumar company her name is wrote a book foreign here is

20:21 now the book is published by Salman a very fantastic book fiction for history but it is mostly fictional he calls it magical realism in that he has taken the character of compa kampanda imagine characters Global it is making news Empire for more than 200 years so the rise and fall of vijayanagara is presided over by the blind poet Miracle Worker and prophetess through her long span of 240s and she is partly inspired by the historical 14th century princess for

21:08 ganga Devi who is wife of Ashfield Kumar company foreign you can Anyway come back yes yes Brothers line continues afterwards we don't know much about them

21:53 was a prince but he never became the king so because another son became the king afterwards his name was harihara second so Harrier second becomes the king the story clear so far okay now by 1374 he had gained an upper hand over the bahamanis for control of and also took control of Goa and Malabar Etc so I'll tell you one thing what is happening if you look at the map exactly so this was vijayanagara and this was bahamani so why if you are a neighbor you have to be enemies but exactly what the domains of a struggle people generally under three

22:38 domains one domain is this the Goa region and konkan region which are important ports which are important for trade with the West especially what kind of trade firstly anything import export which will give you tribute and Taxation but specifically horses the second one is this region almost three thousand square miles Etc it is

23:26 pure Geo economics whosoever controls this most fertile dwarf will have huge resources he became very positive because of that and then Brahman is collapsed and then we have this part over here which is the Delta region of Krishna godavari now there are new actors entering the scene either warangal or gajapatis Etc so it becomes very political foreign so even with the wars and confidence bukka still managed to support the

24:12 internal improvements of the city important words of literature so what I am doing as I said initially political career and cultural career because nobody can deny the immense amount of cultural contribution to entire India unfortunately because you do not know nothing about anything about it you will find everything new but as an example every year when dasara comes you read a news is very popular what is that is nothing but a reduced version which is continuation of dasara celebrations

24:58 a lot of things are there you don't even understand which are continued from there till today so I'll focus on culture equally and if UPS is interested in questions it will ask questions from 50 chance as a political air culture you should know culture also so literature we appointed the famous Telugu poet nachana Soma any sport simple fact now there are two important people in his court one is his own Guru and name of the guru area said he is is also known by another name that is madhavacharya you should memorize this he is not madhavacharya is

25:44 the propagator of which dualism was against sankaracharya so that madhava he also comes from Karnataka but he is different we'll come talk to about talk about him also is very important foreign

26:32 let us look at all three of them one by one the first is it is a very important book because it is actually the kind of Encyclopedia or compendium of all philosophy is India even today if there any single book to know the old philosophies of Buddhist era also then this is a very important book whatever you know today of charvak existed at the time of Buddha or 100 years here and there but nothing of him has survived we discussed it so whatever you know of you know from this book today so what he has done he has discussed all the philosophies according to him the worst one in the beginning he started

27:18 foreign people read it the second book is written in 14th century it is the hegeography of shankaracharya ADI shankarachary egg religious biography today so to what extent we should believe in it what extent it is real history we don't know but this is what oldest available to us today

28:05 and the third book is Sangeeta Sara first of the famous nine Missouri over the 210 to 20 years total nine different very important books on music were written musicology science of music by the same person available and he has a brother now we don't know whether he is real brother or not but in Tradition he's called it brother the brother is even more interesting if to me his name is a fantastic characters

28:51 he had many students and disciples and he translated not translated he commented wrote commentary on all the traditional books especially on different Vedas and the commentaries that he wrote on Vedas are the ones which were available to us today for a long time that we have today in India is because of this single person in 19th century Max Mueller th Griffith all of them dependent their entire study of Vedic era on the commentaries written by sayana because this is like immense confirmation

29:38 so this is very important and it happens at the very beginning of vijayanagar era then architecture architecture I will keep skipping because we have done architecture already okay the question that comes here is was vijayanagar as I said a Hindu Rebellion against Muslim historians are divided they will give you some arguments the first is that madurai is Bengali Sultans and vijayanagar also all of them emerge simultaneously as a mark as an outcome of the same process of disintegration of public Empire foreign

30:38 so there is economic angle also so calling it purely religious will not be correct it may be partly religious and partly economic okay and the third thing Geo economics also played a lot of role Pokemon Coast or straight right to do after agriculture region and then there is start thinking about a balance of power sometimes you will see that the radius of warangal and ganpatis of odisha who were also fighting against some time they sided with Bahamas so here all Hindus on one side all Muslims there is some power politics going on at the same time so it's mixed up all these things so to call it like Hindu resistance is not correct but we cannot completely dismiss religion also it is present in some

31:25 cases in some intensity it varies from s to case clear although in optional we discuss these arguments a lot in detail I have a will not go into that analysis although it is very enriching analysis we'll come back to fact this fact this book I have discussed already remember kumara company is very important this year then you have next king in the first dynasty his name is second also one by one both of them are the important Glory so first is devarayan he was contemporary of the bahamani king furosha who was very powerful and the balance of power

32:13 for the entire existence of Muhammad they kept fighting look sometimes the balance of power was splitting in this region sometime in that region so that went on so he was able to defeat devaraya first and balance of power was in favor of Bahamas and then devaraya had to seed large amount of territory and marry his daughter but afterwards he modernized his army by improving kevinary employed skilled archers of Turkish Clan and raised the fighting capacity of his women and horses from Arabia and Persia he was built a mosque at hampi for their convenience so this is an important aspect military technology was much advanced in the Muslim states at that time archery who horses

32:59 even later on artillery it was easy for them to win so he was practically said I will copy it he employed many Muslim archers he brought many Muslim technicians from across India from outside India also it took decades for that and afterwards towards the end devaraya had the last laugh he entered the in Alliance with the warangal and together they defeated Simple Thing clear now architecture I have discussed I will not go into it when you have visitor Nikolai Conti comes in his ear in vijayanagar Empire you will see that you have a lot of foreign visitors coming and writing

33:45 their travel logs the first one is Nikolai continger will go till the end till when another Italian comes so all these Travelers have left travel locks through which we come to know the eyewitness account descriptions of the Empire of the Society of the king and everything questions in the era of which emperor that is why I have given the table later on also yeah but while doing that let us look at every traveler and some important observation through traveler in the context of their specific Kingdom specific monarch in this era and what did he say he has given a detailed account of

34:32 vijayanagar city as the most well provisioned city in the world according to him it was as large as beautiful as Rome and he has commented on the prevalence of Sati a mainly not only Nikolai Conti but many Travelers will observe that Sati was present in Canada is not only connected to North India or rajput tradition is a matter of fact speak it is the second and in his era we have another important rather coming this time from Persia and his name was Abdul razak Nikola Conte comes first second and he actually was an ambassador

35:19 of a Persian or kurasani King ambassador of the king of kurasan Shahrukh Mirza and he stayed here for a long time and it gave a lot of details let us look at some of the details firstly he describes the wealth and the Splendor of the capital he watches that vijayanagara market was 10 times the size of herat's markets so big city another traveler comes in the air of course he mentions foreign

36:16 in 15th century second largest city in the world after Beijing but anyway come back he gives so all the trousers have written a lot about this with another recipe especially it is most well provisioned it has support everything from the world available in the market so according to him traders of precious metals and jewels blocked its streets and bazaars and the market sold every commodity imaginable he mentions that vijayanagara treasury was filled with the Nuggets of the molten gold according to him I had seven fortification walls without within which there was Provisions for entire year water supply foreign

37:27 okay then come back to cultural patronage as I said I will focus a lot on culture for every King he himself was a poet he wrote kannada and some truth works and the names I have given these names are actually not that important you can forget them honestly but I want to cover all the basis because we generally is getting traction a lot in discussions nowadays then in kannada we have three important people here one person is

38:16 and it continued to remain important especially in North Carolina we have cameras he was an important poet in kannada who wrote a book called Prabhu linga Lily who covered the life of Allama Prabhu and others is one of the three important we have seen the names of pasavanda second is foreign

39:16 we have some other poets and then we have a theoretical work in music again I discussed first book in music that was by madhavacharya Sangeetha Sara the second book we'll discuss out of nine important three books are important to us the second book comes in this era this book is extremely important name is Sangeeta kalalithi this book is important because it is a commentary on Sunday so because we don't study otherwise Empire in detail you don't you might not be aware of it yeah we have seen one person called him in his architecture in The Other Woman there was another person called sharanga Dev he wrote a book called it is the

40:02 most fundamentally important book in the history of Music in India I am not sure whether he should go into those details but I will tell you one thing very briefly The Evolution of Music you have parmoved and many other books that is in Vedic era from there we have a continuous tradition of many many books on music and then in the 13th century we have Sangeet ratnakar in yadavad women of sharanga Dev all the books we have in between I won't I won't take the names one by one which photo but all of them tell us that there is only one classical system of Music in India it is in 13th century

40:50 you see bifurcation one goes to North one goes to South we have hindustani and carnatic this difference starts to appear that becomes apparent for the first time in this book why because in North we have the Islamic elements Arabic Persian music is coming so that gets mixed up and it creates a new kind of music in hindustani but in South carnatic music it remains in Temple it continues the older tradition which were pretty Islamic so now India is the only country in the entire world jhaped they have two systems of classical music but anyway so this is a very important book and a commentary on them is given by it's called

41:37 he was in the court of devaraya again clear ly foreign most exciting if you ask me not the cells of ideology let us take an example we have this parmeshwara this parameshwara is the mathematician of that era he came from a school of mathematics called Kerala School of mathematics you might not have heard of it and you are the most unfortunate people in the world I am not joking you know there is we have seen one madhava of the school

42:25 madhavacharya right then we saw one madhavacharya madhavacharya was only and then there is one more mother and this mother comes from Kerala and he is a mathematician and he started a school of mathematics called Kerala School of mathematics it is in small pocket and it is a fantastic it is we have located names of people but infinite series of Pi sine series cosine series all of these series are given

43:10 here or not only the series Indian methodology these people just give us a formula in some kind of shloka or Sutra but they don't tell us how they derived it we don't give the proof of the derivation ultimately just because right this is what we do and many of the books starting from Modern time that is the pattern remember relation books we don't prove the theorems we just give the theorems except for Kerala for 200 years in multiple books a great mathematician and other people also they have given the proofs of all the theorems and they have proven almost calculus 150 years before liveness all these science series cosences are

43:55 given in detail so enormous enormous achievement of mathematics in India Kerala started by this person mother mother came in few decades earlier but in that tradition one mathematician was parameshwara he was here in this court hika achievements then you have architecture again architecture we have covered in detail when you studied now this is these are the four things you should know about the sangama dynasty is it done then we have some more things then we have a next Dynasty called salwar Dynasty [Music] no there is

44:43 no experience they were very active but there is no Kingdom there is no King female King foreign it is given in the first page over your Silva Dynasty

45:29 lot not much things have happened and after a military coups but one important change started to happen that in the sunuwa era we see the transition happening from a Chevy sorry about that here so initially foreign

46:16 foreign foreign foreign

47:52 these two are more popular and both of them were supported by vijayanagara was a very great fan and worshiper and follower of tirupati even if you go to tirupati today inside the sanctum sanctorium like this is two whites is there still today so so if he belongs to that tradition then it would mean but he also supported a lot of madhubadines or vedavadins to get debate but why did I go into this debate because some people belonging to each of these two Traditions are important for our understanding now let us look at them one by one he was a very famous King of

48:38 the turua dynasty Dynasty he is the most famous king of vijayanagar during his era have you seen marathi's coach es episodes [Music] not class about the episodes on the YouTube you will find them so om Puri has acted fantastic episodes but anyway

49:24 so it was considered second golden age of krishnadevarai of the vijayanagar empire let us look at his political achievements first and then cultural achievements one by one firstly political achievements with a great warrior himself and he led the battle of raichuru in 1520 it is the most important event in which he defeated finally he got complete control over immense amount of resources were gathered by him because of which he was able to centralize the power and Visions are became very powerful that is one thing secondly you know he his story is very interesting he went there he won the United despite having relatively weak

50:10 technology he got Victory there afterwards he became very arrogant because literally kiss my foot that is what he said um foreign by the end of the 1520s by 27 29 Brahman

50:55 is destroyed it debacles into five different Sultans was a very important battle as a result the bijapur Army Was decidably Defeated and pushed into the north of Krishna one title [Music] this is a title he took I have established the yavana king so the thing is that who had done that before yes he came to South he defeated the Kings he put them back on throne same thing is here and in that battle he could win because of a very astute diplomacy he had with

51:41 the Portuguese it is in the same decade five one five one zero so this is and in the Goa their main opponent is again bahamani's come together gives them a very promising economical Liberty proposal that whichever horse War Horse you bring to India give it to us I should have a complete Monopoly your entire horse input you should not sell any warring horse to bahamanis I will give you double the price foreign

52:43 you don't know people don't know Apache what will happen to India this is now south of narmada it is blank it is only Madras no hahaha anyway culture look at the culture yeah not only a great conqueror because also the great author and two of his books are important from exam Viewpoint which are known to the first book is called this is a very important book it is not only important for exam but also in

53:29 Telugu literature this era is the year of Telugu ranesha Telugu language comes into this being for the first time gets out of the shadow of Sanskrit kannada and Tamil who is under reversant uh in Allah we have only one female saint that is neither we have three female cents out of 63 so one of these is undone who was alwar sent it's like miraf house India it's a very famous story not only from various angle we also have the very

54:15 important historical perspective he talks about how to govern how the king should act what is correct what is not correct his philosophy of rule political science of rules so political philosophy of personality is also written by him himself in this book and in some story of campaign songs is important from both the angles it's a Telugu poem the second book is marriage of Krishna um it's in Sanskrit it is a very important book daughter of jumbo one the wife of

55:01 Krishna I have some hope well another book at that time is important is called um we don't know who the author is we have no idea but the book is very important today wrote a book in that he got a lot of help from this book so this is an important book of this era this court was addon with eight accomplished Scholars called my heart but everybody is not all eight of them one is

55:50 thank you but he was also a Telugu poet okay then we have Allah a great Telugu figure a story of Allah a very important so all of them are primary Telugu poets and not kannada it is an important year of Telugu Renaissance okay and then you have another report during this period Telugu literature immersed Out of the Shadows of Sanskrit literature it is known as the classical age of Telugu literature he also patronized Tamil and kannada but Telugu was the primary foreign

56:50 was a great Diplomat also but he was also the great figure in the religion we are more concerned about religion here I thought wrote a couple of books his book called Naya murta is very important because he was anti otherwise foreign

57:56 viewpoint is it clear apart from that he was also a philosopher and Diplomat he was also a patron of haridasi parampara is now becoming very important parallel to it tradition starts in Karnataka at that time which is these people speak in kannada also composed in local language they go from town to town

58:43 especially the two of them both of them were disciples primarily in sanskrita but other people wrote In local language kannada Telugu and all those languages and Sanskrit also by the way and their near contemporary person is from Andhra these two are from Karnataka he's from Andhra all three of them are important for the exam already you should know these people they are in this era only let me walk you through them grandfather of carnatic music

59:31 you don't listen to any music he is important for the pedagogy of teaching music how to teach music to a new person status it is followed even today in any school in South India foreign

1:00:24 so all of them had their own mudra but anyway his other person is was also haridasa he is also a very famous musician he used simple kannada language and his writing was he reached up to Common Man Etc is his near contemporary and then we have annamacharya he's from Andhra this story is a little different he's called Andhra pada Kavita welcome to India contemporary

1:01:13 before that what I used to do earlier I used to have a separate lecture in music contemporary music foreign foreign

1:02:18 foreign of carnatic Music they three are different people tell me what the names are of karnatak community one is

1:03:06 other is the third one is anyone tamashastri these three are called as we Trinity of carnatic Music they come from not withinagar era but hundreds of years after vijinagar era they are from tanjore region okay they are from later era don't confuse them

1:03:52 18th century who wrote that is people really have no idea whereas sometimes I used to play don't know so let us go on another person who is contemporary of them but he was not in

1:04:39 the court but very influential in the history of culture his name is he came from Coastal Karnataka and he is known for one important thing and that is so by this time what happened started by this time by the year of Madi Raja we started fighting foreign who will do all the service to the gods

1:05:26 so this is ultimately settled the debate he had a lot of authority he the system system that is called as Pariah system very influential in the history of nationalism in Karnataka okay we have two important Travelers coming to India one is duerto Barbosa and other is Domingo pious of them Pious is more important but we'll see both of them horse trader he describes the ship building industry and Sati system also so again

1:06:22 started to come in India at that time he mentions that that diamond and precious stones were imported from Peru Myanmar still cause imported from China whereas black paper came from Malabar Coast many important Commodities of luxury came to vijayanagara from all across so Market is very thriving and Domingo Pious is another important is very famous because of him giving a detailed description description is not available to us of any Indian king before career you can only guess

1:07:09 who have a paragraph of Domingo Pious over here I just copied it yesterday night what does he say he says the king is a medium is of medium height and of fair complexion and good figure rather fat than thin he has on his face signs of smallpox images uh Fox he is the most feared and perfect King that could possibly be careful of disposition and very merry he is one that seeks to honor foreigners and receives them kindly asking about all their Affairs whatever their condition may be he's a great ruler and a man of much justice but subject to sudden fits of rage and this is his title Krishna devara maharaya King of Kings lord of the greater Lords of India or of the

1:07:56 three C's and of the land so a lot of things are mentioned very interesting one so what he has done they describe the beauty of the city of vijayanagara and has given the attributes of the king also okay so we know a lot of in that era establish two more cities or which questions are generally asked it was a kind of Twin City very close to vijayanagara today interesting hospital is a big town and vijayanagar is deserted he started a city called nagalapura speaker

1:08:41 it is exactly at the same time in North Babar is there in Baba has mentioned in his Suzuki babari that's in South India there is a great king whom I have heard is very powerful and Rich is yes or not he called himself because he gave a lot of cultural grants like Puja had done so I am this is

1:09:29 a title he took for himself then we have his half brother coming because when krishnadevaraja died his son was very young foreign foreign on one side half brother took the power son-in-law ramaraya did not take the power but um during his Reign Portuguese Hospital Fernando Nunes came to India is very

1:10:14 important nunis is a very important he has given lots of details of kdr Sr but noon is never saw Eyewitness News came to India and he gave a lot of details about so if you want to talk about the krishnadevara's personality we have to primarily depend on Domingo Pious and nunis foreign

1:11:09 he says he has given a lot of pictures of society let's look at how he mentions lots of details of Krishna devaraya although he was never personally aware of him women scribes wrestlers astronomers musicians and fortune tellers of women performed various questions astronomers musicians percentiles women perform various economic productive roles in society they were not confined to house foreign

1:12:05 foreign people the cultural achievements of the era of achutra couple of them we have seen him earlier secondly is the temple at hampi called Temple actually is and the most important development is that comes from this era although it is not built by chitarayana it is built by two of his governors

1:12:58 Temple we have discussed the temple already if you recall I have put the photos again here on silk studies and we know why it is called lepakshi foreign he can so then after his death we have ramaraya who was son-in-law who we call him Aliyah

1:13:46 so he was never a king he never crowned himself a young king of Raya was put on Throne he was the real power behind the throne is very interesting person uh in his era happened because of him the Empire got destroyed the first thing is that till this point of time all these sultanas which were there after a broken bahamani Adil says they used to fight against each other don't intervene much Let Them Fight

1:14:33 their weakening each other you enjoy troubles so much of each other temporarily had a truce came together and attacked too much that is one thing the second thing is the Army was little backwards relatively always backward compared to the bahamanis Brahman is had the supplies from Iran and Persia Central Asia all the time new technologies new kind of archeries and artillery which is to come there all the time did not get that but still they used to manage because of this strategy and all those

1:15:18 things but he tried to do that what he tried to do he employed a lot of Muslim people in the Army right-wing story but I will give an idea and the story is factual story then you have to put interpretation why in his army there are two Muslim generals at a very high position in the battlefield they defected to the other side and then he lost and we generally destroyed so now is it because the defected he lost or he was anyway losing and then defected we don't know to what extent the outcome of War would have changed had they not defected we don't know we don't but if this happened so people believe him why do you have to put the Muslim generals at a very high position we are fighting a Muslim power no this is not a way we look at history

1:16:04 in upsc okay some people say that this tension started not in this era even Rivera has done that earlier we have seen the modernist army with the help of a lot of people from outside so it is not a new thing the new thing was that he put them at a very high positions in the arms lot of things mismanagement diplomatic Believers and all other things this he was lost in the Battle of tanikota he was defeated so he was killed in the Battle of talikota all the three names don't get confused

1:16:50 is also qualities it is also called the battle of rakshas happened in 1565. defeated by the combined armies of the three successful States clear city of was totally destroyed and it became a ghost town now I have told you that um I said that I will tell you three important books of the nine books that are important for music foreign

1:17:38 of all the nine this is the most important and famous and popular books no I will show you a couple of photos one photos of a very big artillery Cannon called maidan it is also this cannon was casted just a couple of decades before talikota it shows that the knowledge of artillery had improved so much in the sultanas and vinegar was falling behind in military technology foreign

1:18:25 this one on the horse he is ordering the decapitation of ramaraya this photo is of a book called it is located in Pune in some historical society society and we'll study this pictures later on but after taliputa was destroyed everything was happened then so this is a very old it's one of the masterpieces of the Deccan School of painting afterwards so that is the end of the purva dynasty after lower Dynasty we have the post Manchester city is not very prominent it is called Dynasty

1:19:10 at that time a new brother came to India his name is I don't know how to pronounce Italian but I will reaching let us call him Freddie Richie for a moment and he came here at that time couple of years after talikota and he mentions that He suggests that the capital was only partly destroyed and that tirumala devaraya the next king of the arrival Dynasty intended to re-establish the original city capital here this attempt turned out to be unsuccessful and the city was eventually completely abandoned for good but hampi was soon forgotten only to be rediscovered by the British botanist Francis Buchanan Hamilton in the 19th century Dynasty

1:19:59 shifted the capitals is not there it is in Andhra Pradesh and from manukonda they strive to govern but its power was completely gone it is almost destroyed and then gradually we have different nayakas emerging madurai Sanji ikerias Empire is the story clear okay so I have a table over here for all the important foreigners and they came in the era of which monarch is okay do you have devaraya one Nikolai Conti was Italian who was the ambassador of the qurasan Persian

1:20:45 foreign Society Etc so this part is for me it's interesting for it may become little actual please how The Empire was governed it was supposed to be absolute

1:21:31 monography in theory that is true but we know it is completely debated debated cookie there is old school of History Etc all these things all these people would say that it was a very strong Hindu monarchy completely militarized and in the name of heropaksha it organized itself and it was centralized monarchy on the other hand we have other historians today who say no no it was exactly a positive highly decentralized King was only nominal he did not have much power in the every region people had their own power and it is also very interesting because you've seen for example under Tamil Nadu I have a new person here

1:22:17 we have the governor there this Governor had issues Army office from thirty thousand Army and he used to have a huge amount of income of which he passed on only one third central government so that is the power same thing happened in Andhra Pradesh at that time huge amount of like millions of gold points used to come as Revenue every year after only one tenth one fifth is to go to Krishna devaraya um they are very powerful they cannot be removed very easily could do that when he captured he got so much money he could suppress the locals but only for some time afterwards again the system went back to the originals

1:23:04 so to what extent it was centralized it was not unless we don't know but at least as the level of rituals it was centralized if you go to hampi You're a huge platform called the circle Festival everybody will come with a lot of presents with elephants and horses a huge possession will take place so at least ritually at least ceremonially everybody will say you are our King but when it comes to practice they go to their own domain what extent division looking it changes from time to time you can so he was technically absolute monarch the titles were like Maharaja dhiraj and

1:23:52 Hindu is the hyperth direction of Sultan the element of device working was also their king ruled in the name of Lord Guru paksha it is important is not the first Kingdom to do that if the tradition was started by odisha we are ruling not as the Kings but as the representative of the god that is we are not the Kings we are just appointed by him on his behalf as ages in all the formal documents everywhere the formal name of the king would be jagannath Lord jagannath

1:24:38 it is how you bind the society together when a lot of attacks happen from Bengal the same tradition Was Then followed by Krishna devaraya and other things we are not the Kings the king is and then you go to Karnataka Kerala also in Kerala what do we have the God is not the king it is that is why you call it God's own country so many and this is the famous huge one it has got lot of sculptures that tell us how the procession was happening and it is where the King used to go for a very pompous dashara till the time of vijayanagara dasara was one

1:25:25 of the festivals it was not the important Festival in South India is and today as I said in the beginning if you go to Mysore we have today celebration which is like very it is also grand But A reduced origin of the legacy of vijayanagara very small version that was the Grandeur of this dashra Festival in which another era despite being an absolute monarchy there were some customary checks on the things Empire fixed rule of success these are very typical things there are two three more important institutions of the Arab we should know about the first thing is how it had let us go step by step

1:26:11 Central Administration promotional system then we look at two systems nayakara and ayagara all four of them one by one let us look at Central first in the central Administration there was mantri permission that is like cabinet the cabinet was to advise the king about what to do how to do and implement it the elements of patrimonial bureaucracy were present what is battery model bureaucracy and anybody tell me correct what does it mean that some families would have some opposition in their family matrimony so we cannot have the open meritocracy assets by some families and they only keep

1:26:57 ruling so patrimonial bureaucracy the mantri parishad was assisted by sachivale the names also were used even today that is secretary at and then you have it consisted of Representatives of from the central government foreign on the other hand if you go to provincial level you have state District block and Village and each of them have their own Governors and rulers so you have Empire entire empire was divided into several rajas or mandalams and the governor is called as rajyapala even today we use the name rajyapal for governor following rights collect the revenue maintain the Army and after the machine

1:27:42 they could Levy some kind of tax etc etc now the system changes it continues something like that but in the Chola era at Nadu level and at Village level you have a local autonomous body to govern in this era that body perishes so the local cell government of the Chola era is now replaced by System called ayagara is that we have well Village officials who were appointed by the state either polygons or somebody uh they are called ayagaras they come they perform various functions of the village

1:28:28 for example they could be accountant they could be Watchmen and anything and in return for that Duty in the village they get a land which is tax free from where they get their income simple so these people are not elected by the local community they are appointed by the state that is one important difference and secondly they get tax-free land in lieu of their service that is another difference these are the two systems that make it depart separate from the Chola system of local civil government which would have seen in District and then we have at the district provincial level system of man savdhari so what we have in North India called ikta isika modified version in South India called Nayan Kara Festival

1:29:17 s who emerge as powerful when central government is weakened the Sardar become powerful are very powerful in the later of and they have their own domain that is called as amarams so amaram is the land over which we have nayaka as the governor so they are called as remember this system seems to have an inspired partly by the system possibly or some people say no no in the kakatiya women in Andhra Pradesh even before that the stream was there so possibly it was evolved from there also we don't know I but we're top military officials who were paid in the form of land grants known as gradually these grants became hereditary

1:30:03 and Amar naikas became participants in the sharing state power they enjoyed following PowerSchool maintain their own armies they could collect their taxes they had no right to abolish or limit taxes they could not even mint their own currency okay so what we see is some kind of synthesis where we are King as a very powerful person unless also entrenched locally so power sharing Power Balance kept shifting between the two king and the naikas and when King was gone after the battle of talikota it is established their own kingdoms that is you can simple so what is ayagara system anybody

1:30:51 yes local Village functionaries they get the text to land the tax plan is land given to nayaka so yeah then you go to taxation mahanomi was the event annually making a financial year agricultural land was divided into three categories again same thing you have wondered what is central government land Crown Land what we call it not Khalsa or khalisa

1:31:38 right in Mughal era we call it khalisa is a taxi land given to the local Village function that is the land granted to nayakasa same thing here then the land Revenue was the most important source of Revenue percentage you don't need to remember these things but I have given it for the sake of completion but what you have to understand that land Revenue was not fixed per area alone it varied as per the quality of soil it varied as per the type of crop it also varied as per the caste or varana of the presents

1:32:24 cropping pattern land fertility land tax rate was different and that is interesting thing and it is mentioned specifically in five lines in ncert old it was not uniform tax credit irrigation is important thing yeah all of them took a lot of efforts to expand irrigation lot of efforts especially if you look at Karnataka not Karnataka the land is of granite very huge boulders have you seen the picture sholay Karnataka

1:33:10 it is very close to vijayanagara so you can just imagine that landscape need water supply irrigation is extremely important right this is everything I'm speaking right now foreign

1:34:04 in Return of that people you have to pay extra tax so it is business for you incentives right to expand irrigation and derive income was known by different terms in Tamil speaking region in conducting region these are the taxes that to derive additional income you derive when you expand your irrigation yes so all the people using the water you understand money that is called as this is he brought water from long distance and for that he needed technology he did not a technology so he imported

1:34:51 Portuguese engineers and a lot of photo Engineers came with anagara and they helped in the design of the water supply system it is a fantastic water system even today surahs were known to do that a lot s were masters of irrigation and in this area is master of irrigation again various economic activities such as trade Commerce Etc prostitution was legal and the state collected taxes from the brothers we have seen that we have seen that also in psus U so economic economy of temples so temples we have seen had a huge role to play economically Beyond religion

1:35:38 so it is a continuation of that fact but with some specificities During the vijayanagara period temples immersed as important land holders hundreds of villages were granted to the deities which were worshiped in the large temples Temple officers managed that divadana villages to ensure that the grant was utilized properly the income from devotana Village is provided sustain of the ritual functionaries it was also utilized to provide food offerings on to purchase Goods mostly aromatic substances and cloth Etc essential for carrying out the ritual rights impulse broke up irrigation work also vijayanagara Empire had given lot of donation for example to tirupati and tirupati formed a board to manage the finances at that 10 in 15th century 16th century tirupati used to invest its money into irrigation and after that

1:36:23 Europa used to earn even more money so tirupati was only a temple it was a banker it was an investor hirubati was a infrastructure Builder foreign large temples holding devadana lands had under them irrigation but I think you got the idea what I'm trying to say large temples held the other lands and had under them irrigation department for properly internalizing money money grants into mid to the temples those who gave cash grounds to Temples also received a share of the food offering for prasadam derived from it the increase you want to earn money foreign

1:37:26 twenty percent thirty percent of which you will get some shares written five percent ten percent yes investor not Bank investor it will help enter Society so that money you get back from Temple is called prasadam IA they are like surrogate states only impulse are like surrogate States when the king is not there or king is not very close education is given by your temple Temple Run colleges also schools also you do all the worships there

1:38:11 agriculture Temple sometime in the year you go to Temple to do service Temple regulate your life Affair completely even two days I have so many friends in Orissa they look at the calendar published by jagannath Temple every year Temple control ever anyway so Temple of actors Bankers employers purchase Commodities and temples also used to arrange fairs if it's about

1:38:58 business role to play come to society Society was cast based and hierarchical yes apart from that unlike knock India there was not a four four division rather the Society of Health governments and non-garments and in non-vember you have all of them then brahmins held the supreme position and enjoyed both political power and social prestige a lot of the highest bureaucracy was primarily Brahman in general Empire officials ministers Army commanders alsovelopments apart from that Brahman priest received lightly taxed land grants respects land grants and then educational institutions were completely under their control and

1:39:44 rituals also they vanished lot of sports two or three officials of different casks Army so and this is fighting competing they don't trust each other it's section balance system I think you know this right-handed people considered pure either left-handed considered impure either guys were primarily Craftsman group consisted of caste which were

1:40:31 involved into manufacturing craft and trading consisted of the casting agricultural basis condition of women was poor in some respects so child marriage polygamy systems Human Condition you get both the viewpoints here on one side you have child marriage you have Sati yes you can't deny that but on the other side we have some other things also especially because of the role of lingayat movement which was socially reformative equality that kind of impact was there in Canada Society at that time so you

1:41:17 have some social norms becoming loose secondly video or marriage where considered taboo by the society we used to fund we used to incentivize during marriage so they used to give some kind of accent if you are a video you get married to video then you have tax in the concession it's a progressive State also in some respect then we have Sati practice I don't know how to pronounce it real or something the team was very prevalent and that is something you have to accept you have Sati girl or Satish students Euro Stones also have you seen any suggestions foreign

1:42:21 on the stone you guys have to design equals then here we have some kind of hand foreign even human sacrifice are

1:43:07 there is that uh he built one irrigation Channel and then after some years leakage and nobody was able to fix it engineering wise he went to brahmins it is also Human Sacrifice were very normal in my region Maharashtra also before shivaji's time it was very normal you want to build a fort kilometers

1:43:52 because the thing is that we should not take it as if it is very weird thing because Legacy but there are certain things which are different from today's era they are considered normal back then which cannot we cannot do it today but human sacrifice has happened in medieval time in India it was done anyway but he was there in temples were exploited about the condition of ganika was quite better women had crossed many barriers and were actively involved in many male dominated Fields such as administration business trade and Fine Arts and ganga Devi we have already seen a very famous example she was the author she was a very learned Sanskrit author of the book

1:44:39 called system was really observed liberalism of society will be very hard very unequal but when you go to practice you saw Norms you see Norms are not exactly observed like they are in the books reality is very complicated so they are really patronized skilled Artisans workmen Scholars and promoted able administrators and Military commanders from all backgrounds including Muslims brahmanas would not allow that in the norms Christian missionaries from Portugal they even joined a hand against rulers so at the practical level you have all these things

1:45:24 then this is another thing that you should I think I have covered this already tradition that in the original era it started nourishing we have looked at purandara okay that is about vijayanagara foreign foreign [Applause]