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0:00 it's often said that if you really want to understand something then what you should do is build it now take something like your own hand do you really understand how it works what it's made of how it functions well one way to find out would be to make a machine that behaves just like that for a very long time that was an Impossible Dream the idea that there could be machines who could behave exactly like our own bodies seemed entirely Out Of
0:48 Reach but then around 300 years ago this dream was made real this is an automaton a self-moving machine that simulates the actions of a living [Music] being this elegant young artist first went on show in France in the 1770s in those days Europe was full of automet like these they entertained Kings and princes and taught moral lessons to
1:34 Citizens they raised deep philosophical questions and they would ferment [Music] Revolution autometer were masterpieces of Art and Engineering forgotten wonders of an extraordinary age [Music] this film is their [Music]
2:22 story for a very long time the construction of machines that could move like humans or animals seemed completely Fantastical but in the Middle Ages a new form of Technology was developed that could begin to make complex controlled and regular [Music] movements this technology was mechanical Clockwork and it would be used in some of the very earliest autometer the development of clockwork
3:09 was driven by a new type of social organization the burgeoning medieval city for medieval city states Clockwork offered a vital tool to help govern their population the city was home to explosive tensions the city air made people free so it was said in the Middle Ages and what that meant was a big Urban problem Masters and servants Traders and employees were at each other's throat in the city there was plague and there was fire and there was civil strife
3:55 [Music] the aim was to find a technique that could turn the city into a place of good order and of ideal [Music] government Clockwork could offer the solution the sound of the Bells reached out across the city bringing together its desperate groups and offering regularity in a World entirely removed from nature cities soon began building
4:42 spectacular clocks to Showcase their power and these clocks would become home to some of the earliest autometer [Music] this is the site glogger a German word that means time Bell for half a millennium the Zite gloger has stood in B now the capital of Switzerland and it's driven by an astonishing piece of clockwork technology [Music]
5:32 this is the machine at the heart of the zeit glogger it's beat its to and fro movement is the beat that drives the time system of the city these complex gears coiled ropes and moving weights are a system designed more than 500 years ago and they're still working perfectly right at the top of the machine is a device which turns the energy of the weights into the system that marks the minutes and the hours almost as soon as such devices
6:19 were built their fluttering their oscillation their regular movement was compared with the movement of the human body the analogy between Clockwork and the body inspired the engineers of the zogger to experiment to combine clocks with art with sculpture and with design Clockwork could now be used to bring machines to life [Music] in a world removed from nature these
7:06 autometer offered regularity and order to the city here a crowing rooster the rural symbol of time has been animated once more transformed into a machine for the citizens to enjoy the site glogger and its theater of machines was a vision of the world that the city dwellers had left [Music] Behind these machines and their show were designed to bring peace order and
7:53 Harmony to the city of B [Music] the great mechanical clocks of the medieval European towns were intensely public structures from ban across the whole of Europe the clocks of the Cities taught their citizens lessons in Morality and virtue but all that was soon to change and to change really dramatically these autometer would become private mechanical theaters that showed the universe and the world to the few princes and rulers who governed
8:47 [Music] them one of the largest and most spectacular of these new private autometer was built in the 174 40s in the rich and prosperous town of salsburg in [Music] Austria it would be created especially for the hellbrun palace a fabulously extravagant summer Retreat designed to satisfy the private pleasures of the ruling classes this was a place of lavish excess its Gardens filled with strange devices designed to entertain and
9:37 titilate but one machine surpassed them all in scale ambition and Technical sophistication an automaton in the form of an entire working City [Music] the automatan was commissioned in the 1740s by this man Archbishop yakob vonstein for him the machine was the vision of a perfect Society a city populated by well- behaved obedient automaton [Music]
10:25 subjects the Magnificent mechanical theater imagine that you were a member of the privileged audience here invited by the prince to see this extraordinary automatan this amazing spectacle what you're looking at is a harmonious orderly and entertaining vision of the way the City Works or rather the way the city should work as the machine comes to life almost 200 figurines begin to move the city becomes
11:13 a kind of vast mechanical Opera [Music] beneath water pressure turns a wheel that is connected via a series of Gears to the entire machine here this metal work acts like a set of instructions guiding each of the figures to perform their actions at
11:58 different intervals above the mechanism the workers execute their tasks perfectly mechanically automatically meanwhile an elegant and aristocratic audience keeps watch with the most minimal of movement this is a Prince's vision of a utopian society but there's a darker side to this seductive spectacle the machine
12:45 that runs the theater was designed and built by a salt Miner Lawrence rosenegger the salt miners generated the wealth on which the city relied and which funded this machine but the salt miners were radicals Insurrection Aries many of them Protestants a decade before this theater was built almost all the Protestants in salsburg had been expelled by the order of its ruler rosenegger indeed conducted the work on this theater under armed guard to keep him at his job it was a technical masterpiece but for the salt miners it was a machine that represented
13:34 the tyrannic power that ruled them the helbron mechanical theater perfectly encapsulates the contradiction at the heart of all 18th century autometer these were machines built as entertainment for a fabulously wealthy Court Society but their mechanical Ingenuity their artfully carved exteriors their very Soul came from poorly paid Artisan
14:20 workers what's more the creativity of those workers would revolutionize the autometer so beloved by the [Music] aristocracy in the 18th century artisans in the workshops of Europe began developing ingenious ways with which to miniaturize the components of clocks and watches with these new smaller mechanisms or autometer changed they no longer had to be rooted to the [Music]
15:11 spot thanks to the miniaturized components autometer could now simulate new kinds of movements and even make complex and naturalistic sounds [Music] to see how some of these amazing feats of miniaturization were achieved I've come to meet Jonathan Betts senior curator of horology at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich when we say small I think it's really interesting to think a bit about just how small the technologies that go
15:56 into watchmaking in general and some of the of the autometer is so you've you've got here um some equipment to uh cut a screw to cut the picture this is just an example of of how the really tiny stuff was done um maybe it would be clear if we start with how it's done on a scale we can see more easily I mean in the 18th century screws uh were basically made by forcing um a a plane Steel Rod into this thing called a screw plate and each one of these holes has a screw thread in it um and if you force this a piece of Steel Rod into that hole and turn it as you do so it will form a
16:42 thread on the on the shaft this is basically the same thing as a screw plate but it has a single hole in the middle it's going to be difficult for you to see but right at the center is a tiny little hole and that hole has thread and it's working on exactly the same princi ex the same you just had to be very very careful because there's virtually no metal in the pin that you're forcing into the hole it can very easily break off inside there but um that's basically how it works and um an example here of the kind of tiny screw this is from um a small watch balance and if I just place it there you can see um on the scale of one penny just how tiny it is this tiny screw and its ingenious
17:31 manufacturing process are just one example of the amazing techniques developed by the clock trade there is a tendency for people to forget that every single one of these things has to be made by someone they don't sort of grow organically uh the Craftsman starts with sheet metal and blocks of metal and castings and everything everything has to be formed in one way or [Music] another creating these intricately machined components was an extremely difficult job for The Artisans and the work took place in distinctly uncurious
18:18 [Music] settings autometer may have been put on show in palaces and courts and elegant Gardens but they relied completely on the extremely skilled work of badly paid and ingenious Artisans men and women of the clock trades these trades centered on the workingclass districts of the great European cities in London for example around Clarken well there would be streets in which each house would special in a different component of a watch or clock and then a master would arrive and
19:05 put those components together the distributed and coordinated labor of a vast Artisan Workforce was essential to making clocks and autometer but life as an artisan in the clock trade was tough in places like this gathered around a table would be half a dozen workers devoted entirely to one specific task of the trade they'd be preparing the spring drives that were the source of energy for each clock they'd be
19:51 cutting a gear of Exquisite tininess inside the watchwork itself this was hard painful labor that required the most intense attention lit only by candle light one's eyes could fail you could damage your limbs and yet while this was challenging and difficult work it was also Innovative it was here that new tools new machines new kinds of designs were constantly being developed The Artisan Workforce was a source of constant gradual
20:45 Innovation what had once needed an entire Clock Tower could now be made to fit snugly into the palm of one hand [Music] the miniaturization and Technical sophistication of the masterpieces of the clock trade had at least one really important consequence these clocks were able to stay stable and work and vital against changes in their
21:32 environment that principle is called homeostasis it means that however the environment changes temperature pressure the bumps and knocks of everyday life these machines will keep on going reliably and regularly now homeostasis is so important that for some scientists that was the definition of life itself and so with the these techniques provided by the clock trades a huge breakthrough was possible in the design of autometer automaton makers could perhaps
22:19 not just imitate but simulate living beings one man in particular began to Pioneer the simulation of living things his name was Jac Dev V consan and he succeeded in building some of the most beautiful and complex Clockwork beings of the era Vasa was convinced that there was no significant difference between humans
23:04 and machines he spent his nights attending Anatomy classes studying in extreme and gory detail the way the body [Music] worked by looking closely at human anatomy vasar hoped that he could reconstitute it using Clockwork his ideas were part of a novel way of thinking about the human body that began to emerge in the 18th century Von's contemporaries began to see that the way
23:51 in which the human body works is essentially automatic automatic is the key word in the way way they describe what humans do so here's a writer in the 1740s a friend of vocanson he asks doesn't your body leap back in Terror when you come upon an unexpected precipice don't your eyelids close automatically at the threat of a blow don't your lungs automatically work he says continually like a bellows it was exactly those ideas that vcan would use to engineer a machine that could simulate life
24:38 [Music] itself by studying the activity of flute playing in great detail vasar was able to build a device that actually played the flute there was no music box hidden inside this masterpiece mechanical lungs and a silver tongue controlled the movement of air Clockwork fingers precisely covered the holes and vocanson even got hold of real
25:25 skin with which to clothe his extraordinary machine the automaton took Europe by storm it was a glorious celebration of the combination of engineering Artistry and the study of anatomy unfortunately vasan's flute player does not survive what made such a splash in the 18th century disappeared somewhere in Eastern Europe in the 19th century and its whereabouts or indeed its survival now completely unknown but at the time
26:10 this machine inspired a whole generation to ask about whether there's any difference at all between mere machines and living beings Von's work had inspired philosophical debate and much technical Innovation but for all his Visionary ideas his success was based on the Mastery of one seemingly simple mechanical device a circularly shaped piece of metal known as a cam [Music]
26:58 the beauty of the cam lies in its versatility anything that the machine needs to do can be cut into the undulating surface of the cam the edge of the cam is simply a way of turning circular motion into up and down or backwards and forwards motions and these motions can be of the most various kinds a feather a Bellows the movement can be of an amazing range of things the possibility for variation and design becomes
27:43 infinite cams function as a kind of mechanical memory for a machine the more detailed and intricate the edge of the cam the more complex the actions it can store automatan Builders focused on this device constantly refining and developing the cams devices would be built that contained whole stacks of miniaturized cans
28:36 one of the most remarkable realizations of Cam technology is a device in the shape of a small boy it's perhaps the world's most astonishing surviving automaton [Music] what's on this card is a piece of writing made by a 240 year old machine one of my favorite machines one of the most magnificent autometer of the 18th century it's this boy this writer he was built in
29:23 Switzerland by Pierre Jac Dr one of Switzerland's greatest clock makers and the aim was I think to mechanize reason and automate the passions jacz was about 50 years old in the early 1770s when he designed and built this [Music] masterpiece inside the boy are almost 6,000 parts what's astonishing is that every one of these crafted components has been refined and miniaturized to fit completely inside the body of the boy
30:14 himself what jaced did was to use the Technologies of homeostasis of miniaturization to build really a true automatan inside the Little Rock writer as all his source of energy and all the Machinery that drives him he works on his own [Music]
31:14 at his core is a great stack of cams as these cams move three cam followers read their shaped edges and translate these into the movement of the boy's [Music] arm working together the cams control every stroke of the quill pen and exactly how much pressure is applied to the paper so as to achieve beautiful elegant and fluid [Music]
32:07 writing with this Sublime machine jaced had reverse engineered the very Act of writing but the Mechanical Boy contained one perhaps even more AO ing feature the wheel that controlled the cams was made up of letters that could be removed and then replaced and reordered these allowed the writer in principle to make any word and any sentence in other words it allowed the writer to be programmed
32:56 [Music] this beautiful boy is thus a distant ancestor of the modern programmable [Music] computer the writer was one of the most technologically advanced objects of the 18th century but it was also one of the most socially [Music] exclusive like many other autometer of the age it was a private spectacle only
33:42 to be seen by the very privileged few but that was soon to change at the end of the 1700s the play things of the aristocracy would be turned against their patrons in the most dramatic way imaginable late 18th century autometer were pricey expensive they were for Posh people for well-healed Gentry for Aristocrats courtiers monarchs when Jac Dr brought his machines to Paris he made sure that only
34:29 the extremely wealthy could see them by charging ludicrously inflated prices and then proclaiming that no servant would be allowed in to see the show the courtiers and the autometer that fascinated them began to resemble each other too closely because the resemblance was spotted by radicals Republicans and revolutionaries and they exploited it mercilessly a science fiction novel written in the 1770s to attack the aristocratic regime
35:17 described courtiers as bodies without Souls covered in lace autometer that might look like humans but [Music] weren't radical pamphleteers pointed out that while it was easy to be an automaton like the king it was very hard to build one like The Artisans Craftsmen were surely nobler than [Music]
36:05 royalty the leaders of the French Revolution simply described the king that they executed as a crowned automaton by describing monarchy as that kind of automatic machine it became possible to destroy [Music] it the Machinery of life and death helped Inspire the protagonists of the French
36:51 Revolution as the court society that had funded and built many of the grandest auton collapsed these extraordinary machines would begin to change again autometer became highly sought after Commodities in the newly emerging worlds of global trade the late 18th century was a period of dramatic crisis European Society economics politics were completely transformed the old world of Court
37:36 Society with its princes and its prelates gave way to a new expansive world of international trade and Global networks into the European sphere erupted new kinds of peoples aliens exotic foreign and European Machinery changed too the autometer would soon take on the appearance of these strangers autometa would become foreign and exotic
38:26 beings these two extraordinary machines represent some of the first of a new kind of automaton that began to appear towards the end of the 18th century it's likely that they were made for the great London dealer entrepreneur and automatan salesman James Cox sometime towards the end of the 1700s and they were made specifically to be exported to China [Music] at the very end of the 18th century Europeans were desperately trying to find anything they could sell to the rich and Powerful
39:12 Chinese James Cox soon realized that while the Chinese were deeply uninterested in most of the trinkets that the West produced the one thing they did desire was autometer [Music] Cox's ambition was to use his automatan business to reverse the appalling trade imbalances between China and Europe the point was that China made Goods Europeans lusted after tea and Porcelain and silk and the Chinese didn't seem to want anything that Europe produced and
39:59 this was the exception Cox openly boasted in London that by manufacturing and then exporting clocks like these he could make as he put it Asian luxury serve the Arts of Europe and at last win cash for the really cash strapped European trades with the Chinese buying up autometer in large quantities London workshops and showrooms expanded and flourished as money poured in from the East lavish exhibitions attended by
40:44 fashionable London residents were held to help promote and sell these new and highly exclusive commodities in this new world automatan Builders started to gain Celebrity Status none more so than James Cox's star employee a brilliant Belgian emigra to London Joseph Merlin Merlin cultivated a deliberately eccentric public reputation he'd appear at show rooms and fashionable parties dressed up as a
41:30 barid with her own drink stall playing the fiddle and traveling around the room on his own new fangled invention roller [Music] skates everything Merlin did was news and what happened to him became meat for gossip columnists sometimes things didn't go entirely smoothly he was at a party in SoHo and of course he turned up with his roller skates playing his violin passing drinks around the room and I've got here a report of what happened next written by a journalist at the time having no means of retarding his
42:18 velocity or commanding his direction we're told Mr Merlin impelled himself against a mirror of more than £500 value and dashed it to atoms and broke his violin to pieces and wounded himself most severely but although Merlin may not have been brilliant as a roller skater he was unparalleled as a designer of autometer and these machines would astonish the late 18th century public [Music] Merlin's Masterpiece was a fabulous swan
43:05 made entirely of [Music] silver it's one of the most revered autometer of the age and it features both ingenious Clockwork engineering and Visionary artistic flourishes by using Clockwork to drive these simple glass cylindrical rods Merlin was able to mimic the extraordinary complexity of moving water as the light catches the twisted
43:52 and imperfect surface of the rods it creates the unmistakable reflection of water on the underside of the Swan the craftsmanship and Artistry of the creature was breathtaking [Music] [Applause] [Music]
45:01 a mechanical Marvel when we look at the swan executing its actions with extraordinary Precision a masterpiece comining the clock Maker's art and the skill of the master Jeweler we can easily imagine the effect this device must have had on London audiences in the 1770s it made Merlin's reputation as the social celebrity he'd always wanted to be celebrity culture at the time flocked to see this device to gorp in amazement at this Triumph of beauty and of
45:46 technical skill the success of devices like the swan and the celebrity of their makers established a huge audience for autometer and as the market expanded new Builders emerged creating ever more ingenious ways to wow the public the most eminent of these was vulf gang Von kemplin a man whose mechanical ability seemed to many almost Supernatural Fon kemplin became famous for creating a
46:32 device far in advance of any machine that had ever been [Music] built this is one of the masterpieces of late 18th century engineering autometer could draw they could play music they could write and now apparently they could play chess imagine you were in a showroom in London's West End in 1784 this is what you would see you'd be shown in to a darkened
47:19 chamber lit by candles and on stage in front of you a machine in the shape of an oriental a Turk with his cushion his pipe and in front of him a chessboard the chessboard sits on top of this large cabinet and inside marvels of 18th century gearing and wheelwork the Master of Ceremonies shows you how elegant and Splendid this Machinery is and then he closed cles the doors the machine has to be wound
48:10 up and his pipe and his cushion removed and now the Turk is ready to play chess e [Music]
49:02 Clockwork seemed to be mimicking human reason one of the Great Hopes of the age had finally been realized at last the mind could be simulated by Clockwork engineering [Music] the Turkish chess player went on tour throughout Europe almost everywhere he went he won in cafes academies and courts The Turk was able to invent new chess
49:47 openings and destroy the reputation of numbers of expert players [Music] as almost nothing else could at the time the Turk demonstrated just how ambitious just how endless the possibilities were for engineering mechanism and [Music] Design but this amazing machine would do much more than merely entertain it would Inspire one of the
50:34 most important inventions of the Industrial [Music] Revolution in the middle of his 1780s a group of wealthy English gentlemen met together for dinner and at their dinner party they discussed one of the really major problems of the British textile trades the problem was could the process of weaving one of the most complicated activities in Industry could there be a machine that could do something like that well one of the guys at dinner had seen the Turkish chess player down in London and he'd been completely Amazed
51:20 by what this machine could do he reckoned that if there was a machine so ingenious that it could play chess surely it would be possible to design a machine that could weave [Music] cloth these are mechanical Power looms what used to be done by hand weaving is now done by automatic
52:05 Machinery The Men Who first designed machines like this had been inspired by the Turkish chest player and I don't think it's too fanciful to see in the components of this mechanical animal things that absolutely resemble the moving components of the Turk the picking arm that throws the shutle backwards and forwards really does look like the mechanical arm The Turk uses to move pieces across the [Music] chessboard Once Upon a Time autometer
52:52 had been there for entertainment and now a range of automatic machines like this would revolutionize the world the Turkish chess player had helped Inspire the mechanization of weaving and the transformation of industry but the machine was not all it seemed its amazing ability relied on something none of its audience was aware of in the end the Turk secret was
53:42 revealed as you can see I'm sitting here inside the Turk despite appearances there was more than enough room inside the cabinet for a fully grown human being to sit in some comfort from inside the operator could guide the Turk's arm picking up and moving pieces at will and they could follow the course of the game by looking up from underneath at the chessboard on top of the cabinet so the Turk was an experiment about confidence instead of being a
54:27 magnificent automaton it was in fact a magnificently arranged device in which a human pretended to be a machine that was pretending to be a human a vision of the fluidity the ambiguity that characterized the boundary between humanity and Technology between people and and [Music] machines now that Machines of Industry could really do what humans did the mechanical marvels of the Industrial Age
55:14 began to make vast SES of Artisans and Craftsmen redundant having finally succeeded in building devices that could mimic the actions of the human body The Artisans had unwittingly created machines that would now be used to replace [Music] [Applause] [Music] them but the story of autometer does not end here this is the draftsman it is a stunning example of what is perhaps autometer greatest
56:01 Legacy the ability to store memory and then reactivate it at will all the information to recreate this intricate picture is held in a complex stack of cams that guides the movements of the pencil this idea of storing information in the changing surface of a dis would amongst other things Inspire the birth of the technology of recorded sound this vinyl disc is materialized
56:50 memory and it works exactly the way a cam in any aut Oman works the groove that the needle follows encapsulates permanently and reliably an extremely complicated amount of information placed on a record player that information can be recaptured with a machine that is in many ways the descendant of 18th century [Music] autometer Recording Technology doesn't
57:36 just capture sound it also tries to bring it back to life we live in a world of technologies that try to achieve this in cinema we have a machine that captures es the light and then brings it back to life we think these are new technologies but the story of autometer shows just how old they are autometer are machines that allow us to experience again the movements of a world we thought we'd lost
58:28 they were built by people who dreamt of a new relation a better relation between humanity and Technology [Music]
