11 Uni Life First Aid Powerpoint Slide 2025

0:09 choking is a life- buring emergency where quick recognition and response are vital it occurs when a foreign object blocks the airway either partially or completely to identify choking look for signs of partial obstruction such as coughing or difficulty speaking the universal choking sign hands clutching the throat is another key indicator in contrast complete obstruction leaves the person unable to speak or cough often accompanied by sinosis or blue skin due to lack of oxygen for adults and children over one year start by encouraging coughing if they can still breathe for a complete obstruction deliver five back blows between the shoulder blades followed by five

0:55 abdominal thrusts commonly known as the heick maneuver for example imagine a diner choking on food stand behind them place your fist above their navl and thrust upward and inward to dislodge the object for infants under one year the approach is different support the infant face down on your forearm and deliver five back blows then turn the infant over and perform five chest thrusts using two fingers this technique is safer for their delicate Anatomy if the patient paent becomes unresponsive start CPR immediately after every 30 chest compressions check the airway for the obstruction before giving rescue breaths avoid blind finger sweeps

1:42 as they could worsen the situation by pushing the object deeper always seek medical evaluation after clearing the obstruction as choking can cause complications like Airway swelling or internal injury for instance abdominal thrusts may cause bruising particular in children or frail individuals which requires further assessment scenario example scenario a six-year-old child begins choking on a piece of candy and cannot speak or cough you recognize the complete obstruction and deliver five back blows but the candy remains stuck you then perform five abdominal thrusts successfully dislodging the candy afterward you comfort the child and

2:28 ensure they are checked by Medical Professional to rule out complications scenario and treatment of mild Airway obstruction scenario example situation a 40-year-old man is at a dinner party and begins coughing after swallowing a piece of steak he appears distressed clutching his throat but is still able to cough and speak in short phrases observation the man is coughing forcefully and wheezing which indicates a mild Airway obstruction he is not yet showing signs of a complete obstruction as he can still breathe and produce Sound Treatment steps for mild Airway obstruction encourage coughing calmly

3:16 reassure the person to keep coughing forcefully as this is the most effective way to clear the airway naturally avoid patting their back or intervening physically unless their condition worsens monitor for progression stay close and watch for signs that the obstruction is worsening such as difficulty breathing inability to cough or sinosis bluish skin provide reassurance help the person stay calm as Panic can worsen breathing difficulties offer support without interfering if they are able to clear the airway on their own seek medical attention if needed if the obstruction persists for a prolonged period or if the person show signs of distress after clearing it for

4:02 example persistent coughing or throat pain advise them to consult a medical professional to ensure there are no residual complications cautions do not perform back blows or abdominal thrusts for mild obstructions as unnecessary intervention could force the object deeper into the airway never use a blind finger sweep to remove the object as this can cause further blockage always stay alert to the possibility of the condition progressing to a severe Airway obstruction outcome example after a few seconds of forceful coughing the man dislodges the piece of stake and begins breathing normally you remain nearby for a few minutes to ensure he is stable and no further issues arise since he experienced

4:50 discomfort in his throat you suggest he seek medical advice if the sensation persists scenario and treat for severe Airway obstruction scenario example situation a 7-year-old child playing with marbles accidentally swallows one causing a complete blockage of the airway the child is unable to cough speak or breathe and starts panicking clutching their throat Universal choking sign their lips begin to turn blue cyanosis indicating severe oxygen deprivation treatment steps for severe way obstruction confirm severe obstruction look for Key

5:35 signs inability to speak cough or breathe silent attempts to inhale or a high-pitched we drider cyanosis or visible Panic perform back blows and abdominal thrusts adults and children over one year step one deliver five back blows stand behind the child and bend them forward at the waist use the heel of your hand to deliver five sharp blows between the shoulder blades step two perform five abdominal thrusts heck maneuver stand behind the child and wrap your arms around their waist place a fist just above the navl and cover it with your other hand deliver quick Inward and upward thrusts alternate

6:22 between back blows and abdominal thrusts until the object is expelled or the child becomes unresponsive for infants under one year Step One support the infant face down along your forearm with their head lower than their body deliver five back blows between the shoulder blades using the heel of your hand step two turn the infant face up and deliver five chest thrusts use two fingers to press the center of the chest just below the nipple line alternate between back blows and chest thrusts until the object is expelled or the infant becomes un responsive if the patient becomes unresponsive step one begin CPR immediately deliver 30 chest

7:09 compressions and check the airway for the object step two attempt to give rescue breaths if the chest does not rise recheck the airway and continue CPR continue CPR until professional help arrives seek medical attention even after the object is expelled the child should receive medical evaluation to rule out Airway swelling or internal injuries caused by back blows or abdominal thrusts cautions avoid blind finger sweeps as these can push the object further into the airway do not perform abdominal thrusts on infants or pregnant individuals use chest thrusts instead outcome

7:54 example after three cycles of back blows and abdominal thrusts the marble is dislodged and the child begins coughing and breathing again you monitor the child's breathing reassure them and ensure they receive medical attention to confirm no further complications scenario and treatment managing a choking pregnant woman scenario example situation a pregnant woman approximately 7 months along begins choking on a piece of bread during a family dinner she is unable to speak cough or breathe and clutches her throat signaling a complete Airway obstruction she appears panicked and her skin begins to turn bluish

8:41 sinosis treatment steps for a choking pregnant woman confirm severe obstruction recognize Key signs the woman cannot speak cough or breathe silent attempts to inhale or a high-pitched wheezing sound sinosis or clutching her throat Universal choking sign avoid abdominal thrusts abdominal thrusts such as the heinl maneuver are unsafe for pregnant individuals due to the risk of harming the baby perform chest thrusts instead step one stand behind the woman and place your arms under her armpits step two form a fist and place the thumb side against the center of her

9:26 chest above the baby bump on the sternum step three wrap your fist with your other hand and deliver quick inward thrusts to the chest step four repeat chest thrusts until the object is expelled or the woman becomes unresponsive if the patient becomes unresponsive step one lower the woman gently to the ground and begin CPR immediately step two perform 30 chest compressions focusing on the center of the chest sternum step three after each set of compressions check the airway for the obstruction remove it if visible step four attempt rescue breaths if the chest doesn't rise recheck the airway and

10:11 continue CPR call for emergency services even if the object is expelled ensure the pregnant woman receives immediate medical attention to rule out complications for both her and the baby cautions and notes do not attempt abdominal thrusts on pregnant individuals as if could harm the baby or cause uterine injury avoid blind finger sweeps to prevent pushing the obstruction further down the airway be extra vigilant about the woman's oxygenation as prolonged choking can deprive both the mother and baby of oxygen outcome example after three chest thrusts the piece of bread is dislodged and the woman begins coughing and breathing

10:56 normally you monitor her closely and ensure that emergency medical professionals evaluate both her and the baby for any complications step one assess the situation Begin by calmly evaluating the infant's condition if the infant is silent and able to cry cough or breathe it indicates a choking emergency look for signs of severe obstructions such as sinosis where the skin particularly around the lips or fingers turns bluish due to a lack of oxygen pay attention to visible signs of distress such as struggling to breathe or excessive Panic

11:44 step two position the infant to help the infant properly position them for intervention support the infant's head and neck with one hand to ensure they are secure place the infant face down along your forearm keeping their head lower than their chest this position uses gravity to Aid in clearing the obstruction rest your forearm on your thigh for stability ensuring you have full control of the infant while remaining steady step three deliver five back blows using the heel of your hand deliver five firm back blows between the infant's shoulder blades each blow should be deliberate and forceful aiming to create enough pressure to dislodge the object from the airway remember

12:32 these back blows must be firm but control to avoid causing harm step four turn the infant over after delivering back blows carefully turn the infant face up ensuring their head and neck remain supported throughout the process position the infant along your forearm or lap keeping their head lower than their chest allow gravity to continue assisting this ensures the airway is still in an optimal position for clearing the obstruction if further steps are needed step five perform five chest thrusts after delivering back blows turn the infant face up ensuring their head remains supported and lower than the chest using two fingers locate the center of the infant's chest just below

13:18 the nepple line deliver five firm chest thrusts pressing down about 1.5 in 4 cm the thrust should be forceful yet controlled aiming to create enough pressure to dislodge the obstruction without causing harm step six repeat back blows and chest thrusts if the object is not expelled continue alternating five back blows and five chest thrusts maintain the same technique keeping the infant secure and supported repeat these Cycles until the object is dislodged or the infant becomes unresponsive step seven if the infant becomes unresponsive if the infant stops responding begin CPR

14:03 immediately perform 30 chest compressions using two fingers at the same chest location pressing down about 1.5 in after compressions open the airway and look for the object if visible carefully remove it using your fingers attempt to rescue breaths by sealing your mouth over the infant's nose and mouth and giving gentle breaths if the chest does not rise reach check the airway and continue CPR repeating compressions and breaths until help arrives step eight call Emergency Services even if the object is successfully dislodged it is crucial to have the infant evaluated by a medical professional this ensures there is no Airway damage swelling or other

14:49 complications caused by the choking or the rescue procedures choking in infants is a life-threatening emergency that requires Swift and precise action recognizing the signs is the first step a choking infant will often be silent unable to cry cough or breathe with visible signs of distress such as sinosis or bluish skin particularly around the lips and fingers start by positioning the infant properly support their head and neck with one hand and place them face down along your forearm ensuring their head is lower than their chest rest your forearm on your thigh for stability next deliver five back blows between the infant's shoulder blades

15:36 using the heel of your hand each blow should be firm and controlled aiming to dislodge the object blocking their Airway if the back blows don't work turn the infant face up keeping their head supported using two fingers deliver five chest thrusts on the center of their chest just below the nipple line press about 1.5 in making each dust deliberate and firm continue alternating five back blows and five chest dusts until the object is expelled or the infant becomes unresponsive if the infant becomes unresponsive begin CPR immediately perform 30 chest compressions open the airway and check for the object if

16:22 visible carefully remove it attempt to rescue breaths and if the chest doesn't rise continue CPR until professional help arrives even if you successfully clear the obstruction it's critical to have the infant seen by a medical professional to rule out complications such as Airway damage or swelling following these steps can save a choking infant's life stay calm act swiftly and ensure the infant receives the care they need imagine encountering a patient who is unconscious and struggling to breathe the first and foremost step is to ensure their Airway is clear without a clear pathway no amount of rescue breathing or CPR will help when a patient becomes

17:09 unconscious their body's natural mechanisms for Airway protection are compromised this means their tongue might fall back or vomit could obstruct the airway you must act immediately to prevent Suffocation the head tilt chin lift is a standard technique Place one hand on the patient forehead and the other under the chin tilt the head back gently this shifts the tongue away and opens the airway check for Visible obstructions and remove them carefully in cases where there's a suspected spinal injury it's crucial to avoid unnecessary movement of the spine use the jaw thrust maneuver instead position yourself at the head of the patient place your fingers behind the

17:56 Jawbone and lift it upward this this maneuver opens the airway while keeping the spine stable if you notice a foreign object the finger sweep method can help turn the patient onto their side open their mouth and gently use your finger to sweep out the obstruction ensure nothing Falls deeper into the airway during this process scenario example you find an unconscious patient after a car accident suspecting spinal injuries you use the jaw thrust maneuver seeing blood and food in their mouth you turn them on their side and perform a gentle finger sweep to remove the obstructions once the airway is clear you position them in the recovery

18:41 position and monitor their breathing until Emergency Services arrive clearing and maintaining the airway is a life-saving skill it ensures oxygen delivery and prepares the patient for further intervention if needed always act decisively but carefully respecting the patient condition let's save lives with skill and precision cautions head til chin lift and spinal injuries avoid using the head tilt chin lift method on patients with suspected spinal injuries as it could cause harm use the jaw thrust maneuver in these cases. finger sweep method do not perform a finger sweep while the patient is lying on their back turn them on

19:27 their side before before attempting to remove obstructions do Airway obstructions Airway obstructions can be caused by Blood food vomit Ventures or the tongue depending on the situation ensure proper precautions are taken while clearing the airway do proper technique and obstruction handling ensure that while clearing obstructions no matter falls back into the airway this could worsen the blockage or make breathing even more difficult bag valve mask BVM overview description and usage the image shows a bag valve mask BVM a vital resuscitation tool used to provide positive pressure ventilation to patients who are not breathing or have

20:14 an adquate breathing it is typically used in emergencies by First Responders and medical professionals to deliver oxygen effectively the BVM can be connected to an oxygen supply and used with all without the reservoir B key components and their descriptions face mask description the soft molded part that covers the patient's nose and mouth it creates a seal to ensure effective delivery of air or oxygen usage Place The Mask firmly over the patient's face ensure a Tight Seal to prevent air leakage especially in patients with facial deformities or excessive facial here pop or

21:00 valve description a safety feature that prevents excessive pressure from being delivered to the patient lungs it pops off if pressure exceeds a set limit usage protects against overinflation particularly in children or infants can be overridden in some cases for adult patients with high Airway resistance peep valve positive end expiratory pressure valve description maintains a small amount of pressure in the lungs at the end of exhalation to keep the alvioli open usage helps prevent lung collapse especially in patients with conditions like acute respiratory distress syndrome ALDS can be adjusted based on the

21:47 patient needs key components and their descriptions for self-inflating bag description the primary component that delivers air or oxygen when squeezed it refills automatically after each compression usage squeeze the bag to deliver a controlled breath to the patient observe for chest rise to confirm adequate ventilation five oxygen Inlet and tubing description connects the BVM to an external oxygen supply such as an oxygen cylinder usage attach the tubing to an oxygen source and set the flow rate typically 15 18 L per minute for high oxygen delivery six Reservoir bag

22:34 description stores oxygen ensuring high concentrations of oxygen close to 100% are available for the next breath usage inflate the reservoir bag before use by connecting it to the oxygen source monitor to ensure the bag does not deflate completely during use key components and their descriptions seven air inlet oneway valve and O2 Reservoir socket description prevents exhaled air from contaminating the oxygen supply and ensures oxygen flows to the reservoir bag usage ensures a one-way system for clean oxygen delivery maintaining hygiene and Effectiveness key points and

23:19 cautions ensure a proper seal po sealing will lead to ineffective ventilation and oxygen loss avoid hyperventilation squeeze the bag only once every 5 to 6 seconds for adults 10 to 12 breaths per minute challenges facial deformities trauma or excessive hair can hinder a proper seal in such cases Advanced Airway management may be required effective oxygen delivery with the reservoir bag and oxygen connected the BVM can deliver up to 100% oxygen this device is a critical tool for emergency breathing support and helps Bridge the the Gap until Advanced Care such as intubation is available one single rescuer the C grip

24:08 left image this technique is used when one rescuer is managing the BVM description the rescu forms a c-shape with their thumb and index finger to secure the mask over the patient's nose and mouth the remaining three fingers form an e-shape to lift the jaw upward ensuring the airway remains open how to perform place the thumb and index finger on the top and bottom edges of the Mask creating a Tight Seal use the other three fingers to lift the patient mandible jaw upward maintaining the airway in a head til chin lift position the other hand compresses the BVM bag to deliver breaths advantages effective for short-term use

24:55 allows The Rescuer to simultaneously seal musk and ventilate challenges may not provide an adequate seal for some patients particularly those with facial trauma or excessive facial hair two two rescuer The two-handed Mask seal Right image this position is ideal when two Rescuers are present one to manage the mask and another to compress the BVM description both hands are used to hold the mask and seal it over the patient face the thumbs press down on the mask to create a secure seal while the fingers grasp the mandible and pull the jaw upward how to perform Place The Mask over the patient's nose and mouth use

25:42 both thumbs to press down evenly on the top of the Mask position the remaining fingers on both hands along the jawline to lift the mandible upward opening the airway the second rescuer squeezes the bad to deliver breaths advantages provides a better seal especially for patients with facial deformities or obstructions reduces the risk of air leaks and improves oxygen delivery challenges requires two Rescuers proper coordination between mask holding and ventilation is essential how to use a bag valve mask evm step-by-step position the patient use a head tilt chin lift position to open the airway

26:29 if a spinal injury is suspected perform a jaw thrust maneuver instead place the face mask position The Mask over the patient's nose and mouth use the C grip for single rescuer use or the two-handed mask seal for better Effectiveness with two Rescuers attach oxygen optional connect the oxygen tubing to a cylinder and set the flow rate to 15 L per minute for high oxygen delivery ventilate the patient squeeze squeeze the bag to deliver a breath while observing for chest rise avoid overinflating the lungs to prevent barot trauma or stomach inflation monitor the patient watch for chest dries and fall to ensure effective ventilation if ventilation is inadequate

27:15 adjust the mask seal or reposition the airway key points and cautions proper seal always ensure the mask forms a Tight Seal to avoid oxygen loss avoid hyperventilation deliver breaths at a rate of 10 to 12 per minute for adults challenges facial injuries deformities or excessive hair May hinder a proper seal Advanced Airway tools may be needed effective oxygen delivery with the oxygen Reservoir connected the BVM can deliver up to 100% oxygen making it a critical tool for emergencies now we're going to have a look at using

28:01 a bag valve mask or BVM with the use of a BVM and oxygen we're going to give the patient approximately a 95% pure oxygen flush using the mask is important that you do it correctly we use a technique called the anatis grip two fingers onto the mask itself one at the top and one at the bottom one hand onto the bag itself underneath the holding strap and through three fingers remain free flowing in the air the mask is then placed onto the nose and face covering both the airway and the nose at the same time the three fingers link onto the Jawbone and then the head is rolled back opening the airway and the two top fingers pressed down giving you a good seal with the

28:46 mask to the face the bag is then squeezed using a nice gentle pressure for approximately 1 second per breath maximum of two breaths and we look for the chest rise and fall and we feel for any strain Sensations noises gurgling or bubbling whil squeezing the bag this will indicate still problems with the airway either the tongue or fluids still in the airway including the flow of oxygen so the bag and mask also becomes your eyes and ears whilst being used if you feel any strain Sensations bubble or gurgle or if the bag doesn't inflate properly when we squeeze then we don't to look at the airway again because there is still an occlusion

29:41 somewhere understanding oxygen masks and their uses oxygen masks are essential Tools in first aid each designed to meet specific needs depending on the patient condition let's explore three commonly used oxygen delivery devices the nasal canula the simple face mask and the non-rebreather mask one nasal canula the nasal canula is used for patients experiencing mild respiratory distress or those with low oxygen levels it's ideal for stable patients who can breathe effectively on their own but need supplemental oxygen to use a nasal canul position the prongs inside the nostrils and secure the tubing over the ears and under the

30:27 chin for comfort adjust the oxygen flow rate between 1 and 6 L per minute delivering oxygen concentrations of 24% to 44% for example a patient recovering from surgery or experiencing mild hypoxia May benefit from 2 to 3 L per minute for longer use humidified oxygen can help prevent nasal dryness always monitor the patient oxygen saturation with the pulse oximeter to ensure proper levels are maintained two simple face mask the simple face mask is suitable for moderate respiratory distress when a nasal canul isn't sufficient it delivers higher oxygen concentrations than the

31:12 nasal canul ranging from 40% to 60% at flow rates of 5 to 10 L per minute Place The Mask securely over the patient nose and mouth then adjust the flow rate a flow below 5 L per minute it is not recommended as it may lead to the patient rebreathing exhaled carbon dioxide for instance a patient with moderate breathing difficulty after smoke inhalation may require 8 L per minute via simple face mask check the seal frequently to ensure effective oxygen delivery and reassess the patient periodically three non-rebreather mask the non-rebreather mask is used in emergencies for patients with severe

31:58 respiratory distress such as those in shock with severe asthma or following trauma it delivers the highest oxygen concentration up to 90% to 100% with a flow rate of 10 to 15 L per minute before placing the mask ensure the attached Reservoir bag is filled with oxygen secure the mask over the nose and mouth creating a Tight Seal monitor the reservoir bag during inhalation to ensure it doesn't compete deflate for example a patient experiencing severe respiratory failure after a near drowning incident may need a non-rebreather mask set at 15 L per minute for stabilization avoid prolonged use without medical supervision to prevent

32:44 oxygen toxicity always monitor the patient oxygen saturation and adjust flow rates as needed to ensure safe and effective treatment oxygen masks are powerful tools but their proper use can make the difference between stabilizing a patient and escalating a crisis understanding oxygen cylinders and Regulators introduction oxygen cylinders and Regulators are essential in first aid and medical emergencies delivering life-saving oxygen to patients in respiratory distress here's a concise guide on their functions and usage one oxygen cylinder left image and oxygen cylinder is a pressurized

33:30 container storing medical grade oxygen for patients with breathing difficulties or oxygen deficiencies how to use inspect the cylinder ensure it is filled and damaged and within its expiry date open the main valve slowly turn the valve to release oxygen listening for leaks attach a regulator secure the regulator to control oxygen flow connect tubing to a delivery device like a mask or canul monitor pressure levels use the attached gauge to ensure sufficient oxygen supply for treatment safety note always handle cylinders with care as they are highly pressurized and could be hazardous if damaged two oxygen

34:16 regulator Right image the regulator reduces the cylinder's high pressure to a safe level and allows precise control of oxygen flow how to use attach the regulator align it with the cylinder outlet and tighten securely open the valve slowly open the cylinder valve and check the gauge to see available oxygen levels set the flow rate adjust the flow rate for example 2 to 15 L per minute to match the patient needs and delivery device connect delivery device attach tubing to the outlet ensuring smooth oxygen flow example scenario for a patient with severe respiratory distress inspect the cylinder attach the regulator and set a

35:03 flow rate of 10 to 15 L perm minute for a non-rebreather mask monitor the patient closely to ensure effective oxygen delivery conclusion the cylinder provides High Press medical oxygen and the regulator ensures its safe controlled delivery together they are vital for first aid and Emergency Care always follow proper usage and safety protocols to maximize their effectiveness in Saving Lives all right so in this next go we're going to learn how to apply a regulator to an O2 tank um what I want you guys to keep in mind is these two notches right here coming out of the regulator um I call them teeth and I want you to place the teeth inside of these two holes or

35:50 gums um and there's really only only one way to apply it if you look all the way around the tank no other side um is going to have these two these two holes and mdy when you apply this on I actually want you to to put it on incorrectly um but on the regular you're going to have a gauge that tells you how much pressure is going to be inside the regular you're going to have a flow flow meter right here to change the flow rate um and then we have um quick connects right here for uh CPAP or anything like that so go ahead and apply um the regular run correctly uh incorrectly and then um the third piece of equipment you'll need is going to be an O2

36:36 key right so just by looking at it like sometimes it's like crooked sometimes it's too low um and you think it's right and if you were to continue tightening this and then open the tank so go ahead and tighten it thinking that you're right so she's tightening she's tightening she's tightening she thinks she's in go ahead and take the O2 key and then she's going to crack the tank this is what you'll hear when it's not on close it right so that that's what you would hear if the regulator is not sitting properly on it um and so go ahead and you you've reclosed the tank and you're going to take the regulator off and then you're going to you know try it again so you have the two teeth you're going to put the two teeth into the gums

37:29 awesome and then go ahead and crack the tank great and so now when we look at the regulator um we should see the regulator is at a certain uh certain pressure right so right now it's about 11 um 1100 right and now we have a fully pressurized regulator and if we wanted to apply any piece of um oxygen equipment apply the the tubing to this Notch right here and then you can adjust the flow rate um all the way up to your designated R all right and after you're done you want to close the flow and then you're going to lock the tank so righty

38:14 tighty and then if you want you can depressurize the tank by applying your finger into that quick connect spot and then go ahead and undo the regulator and that's it good job thanks man oxygen treatment is a vital intervention used in medical emergencies to support a patient's breathing and oxygen supply let's discuss the indications safety considerations and the application of a bag valve mask or BVM with the scenario to bring these points to life indications for oxygen treatment oxygen therapy is essential in

38:59 situations where a patient oxygen levels are critically low for instance imagine a person rescued from a burning building coughing heavily and struggling to breathe due to smoke inhalation this is a classic case of respiratory distress and oxygen treatment can prevent further complications similarly oxygen is crucial for patients suffering from excessive blood loss such as in a car accident where reduced blood volume compromises the delivery of oxygen to the tissues high altitudes can also cause altitude sickness making oxygen therapy necessary to combat the reduced availability of oxygen at higher elevations lastly individuals exposed to toxic fumes like carbon monoxide

39:46 poisoning benefit from immediate oxygen Administration to displace harmful gases from their bloodstream safety notes while oxygen treatment is generally safe it's important to understand its limitations High concentration oxygen is safe for immediate use in emergencies and can be administered for up to 3 hours without negative effects in most cases however prolonged use of 100% oxygen or exposure to high partial pressures such as during deep sea diving can lead to oxygen toxicity this highlights the importance of monitoring the duration and concentration of oxygen therapy bag valve mask BVM a bag valve mask is an essential

40:33 tool for oxygen delivery it allows Rescuers to provide high concentrations of oxygen without relying on their lungs making it particularly useful in situations like infectious disease outbreaks imagine an EMS responder attending to a drowning victim by using a BVM the responder maintains distance reducing the risk of cross-contamination while effectively delivering oxygen to the patient scenario in practice picture a mountain climber suffering from altitude sickness during an expedition the climber is experiencing severe shortness of breath dizziness and nausea a first AER quickly administers oxygen therapy using a portable oxygen

41:19 tank and BVM ensuring the climber's oxygen levels stabilize until they can be evacuated to a lower altitude conclusion oxygen treatment when applied promptly and correctly can save lives in critical situations by understanding when and how to use oxygen along with the benefits of tools like a bag valve mask Rescuers can provide effective care while ensuring safety for both themselves and their patients delivering oxygen effectively is crucial for ensuring a patient receives the oxygen they need to stabilize let's explore the steps to ensure good oxygen delivery discuss how to use oxygen with a mask and touch on important cautions and

42:05 notes step one ensuring a proper seal start by ensuring a proper seal over the patient's nose and mouth a Tight Seal prevents oxygen from escaping and ensures it is fully delivered to the patient for instance if the patient has excessive facial hair or a facial deformity achieving this seal may be challenging in such cases consider alternative positioning or additional assistance to optimize the fit step two oxygen flow rate the oxygen cylinder's flow rate should be set to 15 L per minute to maximize oxygen delivery if you're using a reservoir mask this setup can deliver up to 100% oxygen concentration without a reservoir the

42:52 concentration will be closer to 50% but it still provides essential support scenario example picture an elderly patient experiencing severe respiratory distress due to an asthma attack you set the oxygen cylinder to 15 L per minute and carefully fit the mask over their face ensuring a secure seal to deliver the oxygen efficiently the patient begins to stabilize as their oxygen levels improve using oxygen with a mask to use an oxygen mask effectively first slowly open the main valve of the oxygen cylinder and check for leaks this ensures there's no wasted oxygen and that the system is functioning correctly

43:39 next attach the regulator properly and select an appropriate mask based on the patient condition such as a non-rebreather mask for severe respiratory distress adjust the oxygen flow rate to meet the patient needs for example a patient recovering from mild hypoxia might need need a lower rate compared to someone in acute respiratory failure finally explain the procedure to the patient to reduce anxiety let them know what to expect as a calm patient will breathe more effectively and make better use of the oxygen being delivered cautions and notes when using a bag valve musk BVM avoid overinflating the patients lungs this can lead to complications such as

44:24 barot truma or hyperventilation always deliver measured and steady breaths remember achieving a proper seal may be difficult if the patient has significant facial deformities or facial hair if a good seal cannot be obtained and oxygen delivery is compromised Advanced Airway management such as intubation may be required however this is beyond the scope of basic first aid training and should be performed by medical professionals conclusion by following these steps ensuring a Tight Seal adjusting the flow rate and selecting the appropriate equipment you can provide effective oxygen delivery to patients in respiratory distress these measures can

45:10 stabilize a patient while awaiting further medical care giving them the best chance for Recovery before we move on to the next section we'd like to remind you that the following questionnaires are an essential part of your Learning Journey as part of the blend learning program you'll need to complete these questions in your notebook this activity is designed to deepen your understanding of the material covered so far and ensure that you can apply these critical first aid Concepts in real life situations take your time to work through each question thoughtfully use examples from your manual and your own knowledge to support your answers remember this exercise isn't just about answering the questions it's about

45:55 reinforcing what you've learned and preparing yourself to act confidently in emergency situations if you're unsure about any of the answers refer back to your notes or the manual for guidance additionally keep track of your questions or areas where you feel uncertain so you can address these during the interactive or instructor-led sessions once you've completed the questions make sure to review your answers and identify key areas for improvement this step is vital for your growth and Dev development as a competent first aider let's get started grab your notebook and begin tackling the questions remember this is your opportunity to strengthen your understanding and build your skills good

46:40 luck true and false test answers let's go through the answers to the true and false test on treating and managing breathing difficulties along the way I'll provide explanations to help you better understand the rational behind each answer let's begin one partial Airway abstraction

47:28 always requires immediate CPR answer false explanation a partial Airway obstruction allows some air to pass through meaning the patient may still be able to cough or breathe encouraging the patient to cough is the first step as it helps cure the obstruction without invasive measures like CPR CPR is only required when the patient becomes unresponsive or stops breathing two the universal choking sign is the patient holding their hands to their throat answer true explanation the universal choking sign is a recognized distress signal where the individual places their hands on their throat this is a key indicator for bystanders to

48:14 take immediate action to assist the person three abdominal thrusts should be avoided on pregnant individuals and infants answer true explation abdominal thrusts can harm pregnant individuals or infants due to their delicate Anatomy for pregnant individuals chest thrusts are safer while for infants back blows and chest thrusts are used instead of abdominal thrusts four the head tilt chin lift technique is recommended for patients with spinal injuries answer false explanation for spinal injury patients the head tilt chin lift can worsen their injuries by misaligning the spine instead the jaw

49:02 thrust maneuver is used to open the airway while keeping the spine stable five a bag valve musk vvm can deliver up to 100% oxygen when connected to a reservoir and oxygen supply answer true explanation a BVM with a reservoir and oxygen supply set at 15 L per minute can deliver nearly 100 100% oxygen making it an essential tool in emergency breathing support without a reservoir the oxygen concentration is around 50% six chest compressions during CPR should be delivered at a rate of approximately 120 compressions per minute answer true explanation research

49:50 has shown that a rate of about 120 compressions per minute is optimal for maintaining blood flow during CPR this applies to adults children and infants seven the jaw thrust maneuver is used to maintain an open Airway while minimizing neck movement in spinal injury patients answer true explanation the jaw thrust maneuver is crucial for maintaining an open Airway and spinal injury patients as it avoids movement of the head and neck reducing the risk of further damage eight oxygen treatment should always be administered at a flow rate of 5 L per minute to all patients answer false

50:37 explanation the flow rate of oxygen depends on the patient condition for example high flow oxygen at 15 L per minute may be required in emergencies while lower flow rates are used for other conditions to avoid oxygen toxicity nine for infants under one year CPR is performed using two fingers for chest compressions answer true explanation for infants two fingers are used to apply compressions to the center of the chest just below the nipple line This ensures effective compressions without causing injury to their smaller more delicate chest structures 10 blind finger sweeps are

51:23 encouraged when clearing obstructions from a patient's Airway answer false explanation blind finger sweeps should never be performed as they can push the obstruction deeper into the airway only attempt to remove visible obstructions carefully with your fingers closing that concludes the answers and explanations for the true and false test understanding these principles is essential for Effective first aid and emergency response remember practicing these techniques and heing to guidelines can save lives thank you for listening and keep

52:10 learning definition and key acronyms CPR or cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an emergency procedure that can save lives when someone stops breathing or their heart stops beating it combines chest compressions and rescue breaths to restore blood circulation and breathing let's break it down C stands for cardio referring to the heart the organ responsible for pumping oxygen rich blood throughout the body P stands for pulmonary referring to the lungs which take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide a stands for resuscitation meaning to bring back life or restore vital functions why is this important without oxygen the brain starts to

52:57 suffer damage within 4 to 6 minutes if a person isn't breathing their heart will stop pumping leading to Cardiac Arrest if no action is taken they can progress from being clinically dead to biologically dead meaning there's no chance of recovery this is why CPR is so critical in those first few moments notes and good practices now let's cover the notes and good practices for performing effective CPR first here are some key notes performing CPR might cause minor harm like broken ribs but the alternative is far worse without intervention the patient is likely to die once you've

53:42 confirmed that the patient isn't breathing start chest compressions immediately time is of the essence now some good practices whenever possible combine chest compressions with rescue breaths this is especially critical for children as their cardiac arrests are often caused by breathing problems rescue breaths provide the oxygen they need while compressions keep their blood flowing if you're getting tired don't hesitate to switch with another trained rescuer proper technique and consistent compressions are more important than trying to power through on your own by following these steps you'll give the patient the best possible chance of survival

54:27 positioning for CPR positioning is one of the most crucial steps in performing effective CPR if done correctly it ensures that compressions are efficient and minimizes the risk of injury to the patient let's break this down step by step positioning the patient first move the patient onto a firm flat surface this is essential because compressions on a soft surface like a bed or couch will absorb the force reducing their effectiveness lay the patient flat on their back with their arms at their sides ensure their head is positioned to maintain an open Airway use the head tilt chin lift technique unless you suspect a spinal injury in that case use the jaw thrust

55:15 maneuver instead which avoids excessive neck movement positioning yourself kneel beside the patient so that your shoulders are directly over their chest this alignment helps you apply strong controlled and vertical compressions keep your elbows locked and use the weight of your upper body rather than your arms to press down this reduces fatigue and ensures consistent pressure calling for help before starting CPR call for help if you're alone dial Emergency Services yourself and put the phone on speaker so you can continue compressions while receiving instructions if others are present shout for assistance and instruct someone to call

56:01 EMS remember early intervention is key to increasing survival rates so don't hesitate to start chest compressions as soon as you've confirmed the patient isn't breathing hands ready for chest compressions proper hand positioning is critical to performing effective chest compressions and minimizing the risk of injury such as broken ribs or damage to internal organs locate the compression point the heart isn't located directly in the center of the chest instead it sits slightly to the left however during CPR compressions are delivered to the sternum the flat bone in the middle of the chest to find the correct spot trace

56:46 an imaginary line between the nipples the center of this line is where your hands should be placed hand placement place the heel of one hand on the sternum place your other hand on top of the first and interlock your fingers this ensures your weight is focused on the heel of your hand and prevents your fingers from pressing into the patient's ribs which could cause injury maintain proper form your shoulders should be directly above your hands and your elbows must remain locked this allows you to use your body weight to press straight down into the chest for compressions to be effective the chest must be compressed 5 to 6 cm 2 to 2.5 in for adults for children compress about 1

57:34 third of their chest dip good hand placement ensures that the compressions Target the heart and maximize blood flow improving the patient chances of survival remember to keep a consistent Rhythm 100 to 100 and 20 compressions per minute just like the beat of staying alive your precision and consistency could make all the difference difference chest compressions are a critical part of CPR and the technique differs slightly depending on whether you're treating an adult a child or an infant let's break this down step by step for adults use both hands place the heel of one hand at the center of the chest on the lower half of the sternum place your

58:21 other hand on top and interlock your fingers ensuring they stay off the chest compress down 5 to 6 cm with each push at a rate of 30 compressions followed by two rescue breaths ensure the chest fully recoils between compressions for children ages 1 to 8 use one hand instead of two place the heel of one hand at the center of the chest If the child is larger you may use both hands as for an adult compress down to about 1/3 of the chest depth perform compressions at a slightly modified ratio of 15 compressions to two breads when there are two Rescuers present for infants under one year use two fingers

59:06 index and middle place just below the nipple line on the sternum avoid using the Palm or heel of the hand as infants are more delicate compress to a depth of about 1/3 of the chest's diameter perform compressions at a rate of 15 compressions to two breaths when two Rescuers are present key notes the depth and pressure differ for each group due to the size and fragility of the chest adults require deep forceful compressions while children and infants need more controlled and gentle pressure regardless of age maintain a steady rhythm of 100 to 120 compressions per minute by adjusting your Technique to the size and age of the patient you

59:52 ensure effective compressions while minimizing the risk of injury imagine you're the only person on the scene of an emergency someone collapses and they're not breathing you're now a single rescuer and your actions could save a life start by placing the heel of your hand on the sternum at the center of the chest interlock your fingers keeping them off the ribs to avoid causing injury with your shoulders directly over your hands begin compressions push hard and fast at a rate of about two compressions per second or 100 to 120 per minute for every 30 compressions give two rescue breaths pinch the nose seal your mouth

1:00:38 over theirs and blow until you see their chest rise make sure to allow the chest to fully recoil after each compression to maintain blood flow continue CPR until help arrives the patient shows signs of life or you're too exhausted to continue if someone else is available switch with them to maintain effective compressions even as a single rescuer your actions can make all the difference you're performing CPR but there are no visible signs of recovery this can feel discouraging but remember statistics show that most out of Hospital cardiac arrests are difficult to revive this doesn't mean you should stop

1:01:23 keep going unless one of three things happens the patient regains Signs of Life professional help arrives and takes over or you become physically unable to continue every attempt at CPR matters even if the odds are slim your efforts could be the difference between life and death keep pushing keep breathing and keep fighting for that person's life now we're going to cover adult CPR for the single rescuer for Health Care Professionals we've ensured that our scene is safe our gloves are on and our rescue mask is available with a one-way valve and we're going to call out to the victim to see if they're responsive sir can you hear me are you okay they don't

1:02:10 respond so I place a hand on the forehead and I tap on the collar bone sir sir can you hear me they didn't respond to my Taps and shouts so I'm going to activate EMS call 911 or call a code if I have a bystander I can tell them hey you a plaid shirt go call 911 and come back and if you can find an AED bring it with you I might need your help if I have a cell phone I could whip that out too and actually call 911 and put it on speaker phone and allow some help that way as well or just access it through that technology now that I've gone ahead and done that I can continue my assessment I'm going to look for signs of normal breathing as I check for a koted pulse how do we find that kateed pulse it's located between the trachea

1:02:56 and the sternomastoid muscle in the valley between those two structures we're going to use the flat part of our two fingers and press moderately in that Valley I check for no more than 10 seconds and I note that the patient is not breathing normally and they are they do not have a pulse now you might say also well what do you mean breathing normally I mean what does that mean breathing normally is someone who is breathing and oxygenating agonal respiration which is basically like a fish out of water who's gulping or gasping for a breath does not equal regular breathing or normal breathing so to me agonal respirations are no respirations and there's no pulse and they're

1:03:42 unresponsive so we're going to go right into CPR now let's talk about the technique of CPR right between the breasts on the sternum lower third of the sternum we want to do a 2 to 2.4 in deep compression and we want to compress at a rate between 100 and 120 compressions per minute that's about two per second the other thing to note is that as you see me sitting on this bench I would not stay here to do these compressions it's a going to be very difficult and exhausting for me and B I'm going to end up rolling over their chest which does not adequately compress this hollow organ we call the heart we want to compress that heart which is sand between the sternum and the spine

1:04:27 so that we can maximize that cardiac output the second feature of that is that once we do our 2 to 2.4 in deep compression we want to allow for what we call full recoil that full recoil means we come right back up to the neutral position before we do our next compression and then lastly as we stand over our patient I want to come directly over the top of them with my elbows locked and using my upper body weight to do my full 2 to 2.4 in deep compression 100 to 120 times per minute so here we go 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and 5 and 6 and 7 and 8 and 9 and 10 11 and 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

1:05:17 I grab my rescue mask seal it over the patient's face and nose give them a fold aggressive head tilt chin lift and try two breaths first breath goes in chest rise and fall second breath goes in chest rise and fall right back into the same location and 30 more chest compressions I'm going to continue this 30 chest compressions to two rescue breaths until help arrives AED arrives or until my patient begins responding and breathing normally we're now going to run through the full

1:06:03 scenario in real time of someone finding a person who's not breathing and in need of CPR the person is on their own but someone responds to they call for help the scenario assumes The Rescuer does not have gloves or face shield available to them help can I have some help please hi my name is Daman I'm a first aider can I help you are you all right one 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 what's

1:06:50 happened I don't know how can I help call 999 request for an ambulance tell then we have an unconscious non- breathing casualty we're located at 650 the Cresent Business Park come back and tell me what they say should I get an ad yes please 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1:07:36 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 here's a unit thank you Lucy one adult patient call for medical assistance remove clothing from patient chest to expose bare skin pull green tab to remove pads

1:08:26 peel pads from liner assessing heart rhythm do not touch the patient okay just stand back please do not touch the patient analyzing do not touch the patient stand clear of patient shock advised okay stand clear of patient press the orange shock button now shop delivered begin CPR it is safe to touch the patient Place overlap clapping hands in middle of chest press directly down on the chest in time with metronome remain calm good compressions good

1:09:24 compressions let's walk through the adult basic life support algorithm for healthcare providers this guide helps maximize survival during cardiac emergencies by providing a clear step-by-step process start by ensuring the scene is safe for you and others this prevents further harm to Rescuers or bystanders next approach the individual and check for responsiveness by tapping them and shouting if they don't respond shout for help and activate the emergency resp response system if others are present ask someone to retrieve an AED automated external defibrillator and Emergency Equipment while waiting check for normal breathing and a pulse for no more than

1:10:09 10 seconds look for signs of effective breathing or gasping if the patient is breathing and has a pulse monitor them until emergency responders arrive if there's no normal breathing but a pulse is felt provide rescue breathing 1 breath every 6 seconds or 10 breaths per minute check the pulse every 2 minutes and start CPR if the pulse is lost if there's no breathing or pulse begin CPR immediately perform cycles of 30 chest compressions and two rescue breaths push hard and fast at a rate of 100 to 100 and 20 compressions per minute compressing to a depth of 5 to 6 cm or 2 to 2.5 in use an add as soon as it's

1:10:58 available when the AED arrives turn it on and follow its prompts the ad will analyze the patient's heart rhythm and guide you on the next steps if the rhythm is shockable deliver one shock and resume CPR immediately for 2 minutes before rechecking the Rhythm if the Rhythm Is Not shockable resume CPR for 2 minutes and follow the AED prompts for further analysis continue performing CPR and using the AED until Advanced life support providers take over or the patient shows signs of life such as movement or normal breathing this systematic approach ensures timely and effective care during a cardiac emergency giving the patient

1:11:43 the best possible chance of survival remember in emergencies every second counts picture this you and another trained rescuer arrive at the seen to maximize efficiency one of you kneels at the patient's head while the other positions themselves at the chest The Rescuer at the chest begins compressions pushing hard and fast at two compressions per second after 30 compressions the head rescuer delivers two breaths ensuring the chest Rises and Falls between each to prevent fatigue switch rolls every five Cycles transitions should be quick and smooth to maintain consistent compressions and oxygen delivery always stick to the 30-2

1:12:29 ratio and focus on maintaining highquality [Music] compressions okay now let's cover two rescuer adult CPR for the healthc care professional there's a couple nuances that I'm going to talk about here and that is the fact that when you have a second rescuer who's fully trained and knows how to help we can now share the responsibilities instead of a single rescuer doing everything but regardless of whether they have a simple face shield with a one-way valve or a full bag valve mask whether it's attached to oxygen or not it doesn't matter we have the capability of sharing these responsibilities so that we don't get as

1:13:16 tired when we're doing these compressions and rescue breaths so we're going to show you now that it's going to look very similar to a single res rescuer in the assessment phase but then once we actually do the skills of CPR compressions to rescue breaths you're going to see how we share those responsibilities and how we coordinate a switch between the compressors so that no one is doing more than 2 minutes of CPR compressions at any one given time without a rest so let's see how that looks so we're going to take it that our patient is here lying on the floor the scene is safe our gloves are on and we have a bag valve mask in this situation to do rescue breathing we call out to the patient are you all right sir are you okay they don't respond hand on the

1:14:04 forehead tap on the collar bone sir can you hear me they don't respond we're going to activate a code call 9911 or call EMS now that that's done we're going to go ahead and get right into our assessment and check for normal breathing I check for a coted pulse during that same time for no more than 10 seconds jod this person is not breathing normally and they don't have a pulse I'm going to begin CPR if you could take the rescue breathing 1 and 2 and 3 and four and 5 and 6 and 7 and 8 and 9 and 10 11 and 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 notice how jod

1:14:51 reassured that there's a good aggressive head tilt chin lift he now uses the c e form of sealing The Mask to the patient's face as he draws the chin up into the mask and now with a good seal delivers two rescue breaths first breath chest Rises and Falls second breath chest Rises and falls and I go right back into my 30 compressions we are going to continue this 30 compression to two rescue breaths for two minutes after those two minutes we're going to call out a switch and after he delivers after my 30 compressions two more rescue breaths he's going to go ahead and walk around and begin his chest compressions as I

1:15:36 get ready to do rescue breaths with the bag valve mask and this is what it looks like one and two three four five 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 2 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 breath breath one 2 3 4 five 6 7 8 9 10 and we would do this again for another two minutes and then we would call a switch again at which point I give the bag valve mask back to my partner I come

1:16:22 back around and prepare for the chest compr compressions we would do this cycle of twers CPR until an AED arrives EMS or other definitive help arrives or the patient begins to revive and begins breathing normally on their own when performing CPR on a child the principles remain the same but the technique is adjusted to their smaller size for compressions use one hand for smaller children or both hands for larger ones place your hand on the sternum and compress the chest to about 1/3 to 1/ half of its depth push at the same rate as for adults 100 to 120 compressions per minute if you're

1:17:09 working alone use the standard 30 to2 ratio if you have a second rescuer switch to 15 compressions for every two breaths as children's cardiac arrests are often caused by breathing problems this adjustment prioritizes oxygen delivery to their lungs now let's cover one rescuer child CPR for the healthcare provider our scene is safe our gloves are on and our rescue mask with the oneway valve is available I'm going to call out to the child are you all right can you hear me they don't respond I now Place one hand on their forehead as I tap on their collar bone are you okay can you hear me the child still does not respond it's at

1:17:55 this time that I activate EMS call 911 or call a code if I have a bystander I'll send them to go call 911 and then have them come back with an AED if they have one available after this I need to assess this child for normal breathing and check their coted pulse I check it for no more than 10 seconds the child is not breathing and they do not have a pulse at this time I'm going to go right into CPR located between their breast on the sternum I'm now going to start my 30 compressions compressing the chest 1/3 of the depth of their chest at of a rate between 100 and 120 times per minute 1 and 2 and 3 and four and five and six and 7 and 8 9 and 10 11 and 12 13 14 15

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