0:03 Good evening each and every one of my students. Good evening to all of you. This is Dr. Anisha from Sri Chaitanya Educational Institutions. Welcome you all for our another session of zoolology bridge course need 2025 for the aspirants of need 2027. So here we are again starting our another session of zoolology. Again it will be a fun-filled class and will be a lot of learning too. So I hope yes good evening to all of you. Good evening. So yes I know that you all have learned so much during these sessions. Whatever we have studied till now definitely is going to benefit you for your examinations. Okay. So what all we have studied? We have studied the various basics terminology basics applications
0:49 and basic concepts which you are going to use for your actual classes for your actual exams. So now we are going to continue the part of animal kingdom. Again we have started animal kingdom from the very basics. What all types of classification are there different film as well as the basis of classification. We are going to continue with that the basis of classification but what all topics are there and what all ways are there to classify all the organisms in the animal kingdom. We are going to start now. So here we are again for our another class. So get your pen and paper ready and let's start with the classes. Okay. So the animal kingdom we have studied the process of classification of the animal kingdom
1:36 into different film depending on the level of organization the body symmetry germ layers body cavity the segmentation and many more components. Now this is again another process by which we are going to divide the animal kingdom into various film. Now what are these things? Digestive system, the circulatory system, the nervous system. Yes, we are going to study about these in detail today. How these organ systems are dividing the animal kingdom into different film. Okay. So let's start again.
2:22 So first it is the the digestive system. Okay. So how this digestive system is helpful in dividing the whole of this animal kingdom into different film. Digestive system is different in different film. For example in case of the pipera or celindrate the digestion process is different compared to a crocodile. Similarly, the digestive system of a crocodile is completely different than human being. How are they different or how they have evolved into different patterns? So based on that broadly the digestive system is classified into two groups. The digestive system is
3:08 classified into two groups. Now what are these groups? One type of group of digestive system is called as the complete digestive system and another is called as the incomplete digestive system. So complete digestive system and incomplete digestive system. All right. So I'm sure you all are understanding the terminologies. Now the digestive system can be of two types in organisms of the animal kingdom. The digestive system can be of two types. Either it will be an incomplete digestive system or complete digestive system. Now what is this incomplete digestive system and
3:54 what is complete digestive system? In case of incomplete digestive system, here we are with a diagram. Now what is this incomplete and complete digestive system? Say in this organism, this is organism showing a blind sack type of body plan. We have seen blind sack type of body plan. Blind sack means there will be a single opening for both injection and ejection. So if a single opening is present, it is called as injection and ejection. And if there are two separate openings one for injection other for ejection which is called as anus then that is called as what is that called? Which type of body plan? Yes that is tube within tube body
4:39 plan. So there are two types of body plan. Blind sack and tube within tube body plan. Now based on that suppose this is the blind sack body plan. So now in case of blind sack body plan there is single opening mouth and anus. Such type of body plan is blind sack body plan and that type of digestive system is called as incomplete digestive system. This is called as incomplete digestive system because it has a single opening for both injection and ejection. Okay. So yes students remember this terminology the incomplete digestive system means the
5:25 digestive system in which there is a single opening present for both injection and ejection. Now here another organism is present. These two are incomplete digestive system. Both of them have only a single opening for both injection and ejection. Now here is this another organism in which we can see there is mouth through which the food enters. It passes through the many structures and the unwanted or excrety products are coming out through the structure called as anus. Okay. So now there are two separate openings. one opening for the process of injection for intake of the food and another opening
6:11 for the process of excretion that is called as the anus. So there are two separate openings which are acting as the injection and ejection. Such type of body plan yes you remember the name such type of body plan is called as tube within a tube. tube within tube body plan and such type of digestive system will be called as a complete digestive system. So this is called as complete digestive system. Okay. So incomplete and complete digestive system are the two types of digestive system. Incomplete digestive system means there is only single opening present which is acting as both
6:58 injection and ejection. Whereas in case of two separate openings it is called as complete digestive system. So now here we are again incomplete and complete digestive system. Let's see which all organisms have incomplete digestive system and the organisms which have complete digestive system. So now tell me the examples of incomplete digestive system. Who all can answer this? The organisms such as the cylindrates. The organisms such as cylindrates, tenopores, the platty helmets, they have incomplete digestive system. Okay. Again
7:44 remember the sequence here. You can start it from the periphera itself. The piper, the cylindrator, the tenophora and the flat worms, the platty helmets, they have the incomplete digestive system. So there is only one opening present for the process of injection and ejection. Now the complete digestive system. Now what is this complete digestive system? There are two separate openings for both injection and ejection. So examples just immediately after this as I have told you and I've been telling you this in every class that you need to remember the sequence of the film starting from porifera celindraa tenophora and platel means
8:30 that is belonging to the incomplete digestive system group. So the digestive system which is complete will be present. Ashkal Minthus, Ashkalis, anila, arropoda, molesa, e i e i e i e i e i e i e i e i e i e i echinodermata hemicordita and cordeta. Okay. So most of these organisms they have the complete digestive system. So they have two separate openings both as the injection and for the process of ejection. So this is about the complete and incomplete digestive system. This is the diagram of complete and incomplete digestive system. Now the process of
9:16 digestion no matter how primitive the organism is if the organism is most primitive like a porifera like a sponge where all the cells are performing everything all the cells are performing all the functions. Now these are the cellular aggregate body plan and these organisms have the cells performing all their functions. In case of cylinderrates and tenophores the tissues are performing their function. Then how the digestion process is taking place. Digestion process means they are taking in the food and what are they doing? How are they processing the food? Like we know humans if they are taking in some of the food the food will be digested by various types of enzymes secreted by our
10:02 digestive tract. Okay. So humans are digesting them with the help of their digestive juices and enzymes. Similarly these organisms the pipherence the cylindrates the tenophor or maybe echinodm or maybe a mollusk how are they digesting their food is the point of digestion process. So digestion process can again be of two types. One is called as intracellular digestion. Intracellular digestion and another is called as extracellular digestion. Extracellular digestion. Intracellular digestion and
10:49 extracellular digestion. Now listen to this very carefully. Do not get confused with the point of intracellular and extracellular digestion. Now intracellular digestion, how are these going to happen? Intracellular digestion is the process in which the food will be engulfed or food will be ingested in the form of a vacule in the form of a food vacule. Okay. Suppose for example if this is a cell and the food over here food is present near this cell like this. The food is present like this. So what this organism going to do? The food is engulfed or the food will be engulfed by
11:35 this cell like this. So food will be ingested in the form of a vacule. This is intracellular digestion. Later utilizing its various enzymes inside the vacule the food will be digested. So the various types of intracellular enzymes and intracellular secretions the food will be digested that is called as intracellular digestion. Such type of digestion we have seen in case of protoones also different type of amieba in them we can see the intracellular digestion. Even in case of polyera the sponges they also
12:20 show the intracellular digestion. If this is the food, food is engulfed here. Food is engulfed. Food is engulfed by the cell and digested using digested using intracellular enzymes. digested using intracellular enzymes. digested using intracellular enzymes. So that is what is called intracellular digestion. Now we are coming to the part of extracellular digestion. What is
13:06 extracellular digestion? In case of extracellular digestion, what is it? Extracellular digestion means in this the cells will release the digestive enzymes out of the cell. and outside the cell the digestion process will take place. If I ask you think about human body and tell me which type of digestion process human body has then what will be your answer? What will be your answer? If I ask you what type of digestion human body has think I'm very sure you are not going to give the correct answer. Most of you can give the correct answer. But I will tell you
13:52 human body has extracellular digestion process. Why is that? Because human body the glands, the intestinal glands, the stomach glands, other types of glands, they are all releasing their content outside the cell and outside the cell the whole process of digestion is taking place. Yes, Rambabu is saying it correctly. Very good. See here if this is the stomach, the diodenum, the intestine, if this is the overall diagram of the human digestive system, the stomach glands or the gastric glands are releasing the enzyme here. The intestinal glands are releasing the
14:38 enzyme here. Where is the food? The food is here. This is the food. This is the food which is getting digested by these enzymes. The food is present outside the cell in the cavity in the lumen of the digestive tube but the food is outside the cell getting treated by the digestive enzymes secreted by the cells. So such type of digestive system or the process of digestion is called as the extracellular digestion. So extracellular digestion is the process in which the digestion is taking place. How the digestion is taking place? The food will be passed through the digestive tube not inside the cell. The
15:24 food will pass through the digestive tube. The tube is layered with different types of cells which are releasing their enzymes into the tube and digesting the food. Such type of digestion is called as extracellular digestion. So extracellular digestion is also present in humans. So if we write the definition over here, we can write down the food is digested by Food is digested by the enzymes secreted enzymes secreted by the
16:10 cells outside the cell. Specifically outside the cell these are enzymes which is digesting the food outside the sorry outside the cells. So such type of process of digestion is called as extracellular digestion. Now the question is which type of organisms show extracellular digestion? Extracellular digestion is seen in higher organisms. Lower organisms show the process of fagocytosis or the process of intracellular digestion mostly. But the extracellular digestion is more commonly seen in the organisms. Higher organisms
16:57 higher organisms like the vertebrates. The vertebrates show the extracellular digestion. Some of the other organisms like the analides also some of the analides also they show the extracellular digestion. Arthropods they also show the extracellular digestion. So higher organisms or more evolved organisms they show the extracellular digestion. So we can say extracellular digestion is more evolved form of digestive process than the intracellular digestion. Extracellular digestion is present in more evolved more advanced organisms compared to the intracellular organisms. Okay. So this is the classical
17:44 difference between intracellular and extracellular digestion. So we have seen pipera performing intracellular digestion. Higher organisms we can say starting from the anelina arthropodmolus kicinodorms and the vertebrates and some of the other type of organisms they show the process of extracellular digestion. Now here is okay intracellular enzymes. Yes, Lassia is asking what are intracellular enzymes? Very good question Lassia. See intracellular enzymes are different type of litic enzymes. Lizing enzymes. These lizing enzymes they contain different type of peptides they contain different type of glycosidizes they digest the carbohydrate or protein and different
18:30 type of component inside the cell. So they are also similar group of cells or similar type of enzymes which are secreted during the extracellular digestion. The only difference is their location. They are not very different enzymes. They are all liing enzymes. They are all cleaving enzymes but they are getting secreted inside the cell and extracellular digestion they are getting secreted outside the cell not much different chemically they are okay okay now it is one very important question remember this there are organisms which show both the type of digestive process intracellular as well as extracellular process okay This is a
19:17 very important question because in your ne syllabus also this question are asked. So the organism or the group of organisms or the film which shows both intracellular and extracellular digestion it is the phylm cylinda and tenophora. Philemterata and tenophora both type of digestion processes are seen shows both intracellular and extracellular digestion. Okay. Now this is very interesting.
20:04 Both the intra and extracellular digestion is seen in the cylindrates and tenophora. Now how are these going to happen? How cylindrates are doing the both type of digestion intra as well as extra. Now the thing is in case of pipera only the intracellular digestion is taking place. The food is getting engulfed by the organism and in case of the process of extracellular digestion as seen in the higher organisms there is only release of the enzymes which is causing the process of digestion. Now these are the organisms which is doing both intra and extracellular digestion. How is it possible? It is very much possible. First what happens? First it is the extracellular digestion taking
20:49 place and then it is the intracellular digestion taking place. What is happening? Suppose this is the food. All right. This is the food. Now the food has entered the body cavity. Now the food has entered the body cavity of the organism. Okay. This is the body cavity. Now the food has entered the body cavity. This is the food. What will happen? First it is the extracellular digestion. First it is extracellular digestion. So using the different type of enzymes or secretions
21:36 from the cells. So different type of enzymes will be secret secreted from the cells of the organism. Okay. Inner layer of this organism will secrete different type of enzymes and it will act on the food. Okay, it will act on the food. As a result, what will happen? They will break the food into smaller pieces or in a very simplified form. They will break down the food into smaller pieces by the extracellular digestion. So using the extracellular digestive process extracellular digestive enzymes secreted enzymes will break down the complex food into simpler forms. So
22:22 the simpler forms are here and now these simpler forms are easily ingestable easily it can be engulfed now. So now the process of now here is the process of intracellular engulfment. Now the intracellular digestion occurs. How the intracellular cells or the cells which have seen these simple forms of the food will now engulf the food. So what is happening in case of the cylindrate and tenopores? First extracellular digestion occurs as a result of which complex food breaks down into complex food breaks down into
23:09 simple forms. Complex food will break down into simple forms. And next what happens? This simple forms of the food or the simple components of the food will then be engulfed by the cells. Simple food simple foods engulfed by the engulfed by the cells. So that is the part of intracellular digestion. So that is how both intra as well as extracellular digestion is present in these organisms. Both intra and extracellular digestion is present in cylinder and tenophores. How? First the digestive enzyme breaks
23:54 down the complex food into simple forms using the digestive enzymes which is the extracellular digestion process and next these simple forms of the food will be ingested by the cells which is the intracellular form of the digestion. So that is how cylindrates and tenopores cause the intra as well as extracellular digestion. First what happens? First extracellular digestion happens and then the intracellular digestion takes place. All right, I hope you all have understood this concept because this is going to be very useful when you are studying the animal kingdom later. If you all have understood, give me a thumbs up and like the video. All right, I'll be waiting for your thumbs up. I hope you all have
24:41 understood it. Thank you.
25:35 Okay, thank you everyone. Yes, I have understood it that you all have got it. So yes, Chandria is asking what is fagocytosis? The intracellular process of injection of the food or engulfment of the food is called as fagocytosis. Suppose this is a protoone or an amieba with a nucleus like this. And the food is here in front of it. Okay, food or prey or anything. Okay, this is for everyone. I'm just reminding you how the fagocytosis occurs. So what it does how this organism will engulf this food? Now the organism will move towards it and make a vacule surround the food first and make a vacule like this. All right?
26:23 So it will first surround the food like this and make a vacule and then slowly it will just completely encircle the food forming this vacule. Okay, the food is here. Now what will happen? Now inside this food vacule various type of enzymes will be released on the food and slowly it will be broken down into simpler forms and will be absorbed by the cell. So that is how the process of fagosytosis takes place. So fagocytosis is almost similar to the intracellular digestion. Intracellular.
27:10 Yes. Just like in amii. You're right. Yes. Just like an amoeba and intracellular food or intracellular digestion process is nothing but this process of digestion. Okay. Okay. So now we are done with the digestion process. We have seen the incomplete and complete digestive system. We also have seen the digestion process of extra and intracellular digestion. And we have also discussed how the intracellular digestion and extracellular digestion takes place in case of the cylindrate and tenopor. Now moving on to the part called as the circulatory system. Now what is happening in the circulatory
27:56 system. Okay. So thank you everyone for understanding this and raising your hands or showing me a thumbs up. Good. Thank you everyone. Okay. Now moving on to the circulatory system. You all are very obedient students and I really like and I really enjoy teaching you all. So I and I hope you all are also enjoying the class at its maximum level. You're learning also as well as you are enjoying also. All right. So let's move on to the next part that is the circulatory system of the organisms. Now circulatory system of the animals they are of different type. First of all, what is the meaning of circulatory system? Yes, we know circulation means it is about the blood,
28:42 blood vessels and different type of body fluids as well as their circulation. But what are they actually circulating? Circulatory system means the movement or circulation of different type of components throughout the body because it is not possible for the body to get all the nutrients and oxygen and everything to each and every cell. Each and every cell cannot get it easily. So what is happening at any point? Suppose the lungs, suppose the gills, suppose any other structure is obtaining oxygen or the digestive system is obtaining the nutrition. The nutrition, the oxygen and various other hormones, various components will be distributed
29:29 throughout the body. The whole body will be distributed with these components using a fluid called as the blood or lymph. And such type of system of circulation of the components is the circulatory system. So circulatory system means circulation of various components throughout the body. Now what are these circulatory system here little bit I have described about the or we have seen this diagram which is showing two type of circulatory system. So let's start with the circulatory system. So the circulatory system is see here first of all the circulatory system it is of
30:15 two types. Now what all types of circulatory system is present. Circulatory system again are of two types or we can say they can be divided into two types. One is called as the open circulatory system. Another is called as closed circulatory system. I'm very sure you are quite familiar with these terminologies. Open circulatory system and closed circulatory system. Open circulatory system and closed circulatory system. So now what is it? What is the meaning of open and
31:01 closed circulatory system? The meaning of open and closed circulatory system is that in case of open circulatory system, open means there is no as such connection. There is no as pipeline. There is no as such closed components or compartments present where the blood is stored. So there is no as such direct component present or the part present where the blood will be stored. Instead the blood is present throughout the body cavity. The body cavity or the cylum that we have studied yesterday. The whole body cavity will be filled with this fluid called as blood. Now this
31:47 type of circulatory system is open circulatory system. This might sound little complicated. I'll show you. Suppose this is a body of an organism. Okay. This is two type of organism. One organism is this. Another organism is this. This is organism A. This is organism B. Now in case of a organism, the whole body is filled with this fluid called as the blood. The whole organism's body is filled with this fluid called as the blood. So this is the blood present throughout the body. Such type of circulatory system in which the blood is openly present in the body
32:34 the whole body cavity that is called as the open circulatory system. This is open circulatory system because it is open it is not enclosed in a chamber or a vessel that is why it is open. And what happens when there are vessels present? Suppose it is having vessels like this. Closed vessels are present which is transferring the blood to various parts of the body. Like this closed vessels are present. So through these closed vessels only the blood will be circulated. The blood is circulated only through these closed vessels. So through these closed vessels
33:22 only the blood is getting circulated. Rest of the part the blood is not present. The blood is flowing only through the closed vessels. That is called as closed circulatory system. It is always enclosed either in a chamber or in a vessel. That is why it is called as closed circulatory system. So if we see the definition according to the definition open circulatory system blood is present in an open space in the body cavity. That is called as the open
34:09 circulatory system. And in the closed circulatory system, blood reaches the tissues through closed vessels. Through the closed vessels that type of vascular system or the circulatory system is called as the closed circulatory system. So closed circulatory system and open circulatory system. Open means they are present in an open space. These open spaces are present in the body cavity. So that is called as open circulatory spa open circulatory system. And the case of closed circulatory system in which the blood will be pumped or blood will be
34:57 reaching to a particular tissue or an organ through a blood vessel. For example, our heart is pumping the blood. Human heart is pumping the blood throughout the body organs. Now this blood through the arteries will reach the brain will reach the kidney will reach the various parts of the body and these arteries are closed vessels. They are not open area they are closed vessels. Such type of vascular system or the circulatory system is called as closed circulatory system. So this is the basic difference between the open and closed circulatory system. This is open present in the open space. All the organs will be immersed in it. For example, this is the digestive
35:42 system. This is the respiratory system. This is the circul this is the excretary organ. All the organs different type of we can say the reproductive structures are present. So all the organs will be floating or will be immersed in this open circulatory system. Whereas a different blood supply different blood vessel will supply each and every part of the organs in the body. So open and closed circulatory system. Now here we are at different parts of the respiratory pigment. So now we have studied here that blood is transporting nutrients, various types of respiratory gases like the oxygen and carbon dioxide
36:29 and many hormones, many other components, electrolytes, different type of things throughout the body in the animals. Now these organisms are getting different type of nutrition, oxygen and many components through the blood in their body. So this blood is actually transporting various types of component. But how the blood is transporting? We have studied earlier about the blood. We have studied about the hemoglobin as the respiratory pigment. Why this is called as respiratory pigment. Respiratory pigment means the pigment which helps in transport of respiratory gases. pigment
37:15 which helps in transport of respiratory gases and what are the respiratory gases oxygen and carbon dioxide. So the pigments which help in the transport of respiratory gases are called as the respiratory pigments. In animal world in the animal kingdom we are going to see different type of respiratory pigments. You will be very surprised to know it is not just hemoglobin as the respiratory pigment. Hemoglobin gives red color to the blood. But there are organisms which have blue colored blood. There are organisms which have the green colored blood. There are organisms which has
38:01 dark red or purple violet color of blood. So these different types of blood is also present depending on the different type of respiratory pigments. So different type of respiratory pigments will be there. What are the different types of respiratory pigments? We will see here. The most common one which is present and the human body has is the hemoglobin. So hemoglobin is a respiratory pigment which is reddish in color and it is reddish in color because of the presence of iron in them. It is present in the RBC of the body. present in RBC. Okay, red in color they are present
38:47 in RBC. Now we are going to a different type of respiratory pigment which is called as ariththrourine. Arithrourine another different type of respiratory pigment. So ariththrourine also gives red colored blood. The blood will be red in color in case of ariththroarine also. But the question is why are they red? They also contain the component called as the iron. Iron is also present in them also. That is what is giving them the red color. But the iron is present in plasma. The
39:32 pigment is present in plasma. Hemoglobin is present in RBC red blood cells. But ariththrourine is present in plasma. It is dissolved in plasma which makes it red in color. The ariththroine is not present on any of the cells. It is present in the plasma. It is dissolved in the plasma of the blood. That's what makes the blood red in color. Okay. So ariththocurine is another respiratory pigment. Another one which is very important that is heion. Hemosyanine. Hemosyinine another respiratory pigment. Now heinine the name itself is also suggesting the color. What color will it be? The color
40:20 of it will be the color of it will be blue color. The blood color is blue. The blood is bluish in color. Now the bluish color of blood is because of the copper. It contains copper metal in their blood. Like hemoglobin has which color? Hemoglobin has red color because of iron. Eythrochlorine has red color because of iron. Similarly the hemoscyanine is blue in color because it contains copper. Now where is it present? Even this is also dissolved in blood plasma. This is also dissolved in blood plasma. Not present in the cells. They are also not present
41:06 in the cells. They are also dissolved in blood plasma giving the blood bluish in color. So these are the three most important respiratory pigments we see in our animal world. Okay. So one is hemoglobin, ariththroarine and another one is hemocyanine. Now in which organisms we will find these? Hemoglobin is present in hemoglobin is present in most of the vertebbrates. Higher organisms or the vertebbrates have the hemoglobin. Okay. So hemoglobin is present in the vertebbrates like humans or we can say the mammals. Hemoglobin is presenturine. We know the examples of
41:53 hemoglobin but we are not very sure about the examples of ariththrourine. So what are the examples? Listen to this carefully. The example of erithroine ariththrourine is present in the anids like the leeches analida. Some of the arropoda, some arthropod, not all of them, some arropod and anelides have ariththroine in their body. And heinine the blue colored blood. Heosyine the blue colored blood is present in example mollleska. Moleska is the softbodied animals, the shells, the
42:38 oysters. They have the oysters as well as the muscles, the freshwater muscles, the unu which is called as the pila or the apple snail. They have in their body blue colored blood. So hemosyinine is the respiratory pigment present in the mollisk. Mollisks are softbodied organisms like the oysters, clams as well as snails. They have blue colored blood in them. So these are the different type of respiratory pigments and circulatory system. Okay. Next we are moving to the part of types of vertebbrate heart. This is very very important and just a brief
43:24 introduction about it because we have to talk about it or we have to study about it in detail later also in the next class also we will continue it but just a brief introduction about the different types of chambers present in the heart. This is one type of heart. This is the oracle and ventricle. The heart is two chambered here. Now another type of heart in which it is the heart is yes you're right two oracle one ventricle here okay the heart is three-chambered here
44:10 another another is like this in which the heart is incompletely three-chambered or incompletely fourchambered here. So two atria and incompletely separate ventricle is there. And the last one is the heart which is present in these organisms which are the most evolved organisms considered. They have completely fourchambered heart, two atria, two ventricle. So we have started with the two-chambered heart. It is the structure of a twochambered heart which is commonly seen in fishes. It is the
44:59 three-chambered two atrium, one ventricle, three-chambered heart seen in the amphibians. Now it is the fourchambered heart or we can say three and a half chambered or incomplete fourchambered heart which is present in the reptiles and in case of complete fourchambered heart. Complete fourchambered heart is present in mammals. It is present in birds and it is present in crocodiles or crocodile group we can say. So next class we will be studying about how the process of circulation takes place through each and
45:44 every type of the heart. Okay everyone next class we are going to study them in detail. Till then whatever we have studied revise it. Go through the video once again and like the video once again. Okay. Thank you everyone. Thank you so much. Have a nice day. Thank you.
