Historical Linguistics

0:03 Let's start to study about historical linguistics. Before historical linguistics definition, we should understand what is synchronic and dicaronic because these are related directly to the historical linguistics is to be known HL. Synchronic. This is the term used to characterize linguistics processes and states describeable at a given moment or in time. However, diaronic this is the term used to characterize linguistic processes continuing through time.

0:50 Now let's come to define what is historical linguistics. Historical linguistics is concerned with language change. It is interested in what kinds of changes occur and why and equally important what kind of changes do not occur and why not. Historical linguists attempt to determine number one the changes that have occurred in the history of a language. Number second, the relationship of languages historically. Now let's see about language change. Language change in all aspects of the grammar that include the phonetics, phological,

1:36 morphological, syntactic or syntactical and semantic or semantical changes. Sound change, phonetics or phological change. Alternation in the phonetic shape of segments and super segmental features resulting from the operation of phonological processes. Second, morphological change. Morphological changes are occurred in the system of forms in a language. For example, old English plural forms like queens. Q U E N S. This is modern English. This is the new

2:23 English. But old English is C we E N E queen. Like ships the old English cipu. Dogs the old English hund sons the old English plural the sona. eyes agon however syntactic change it can be described the changes in the variety of elements that go into the syntactic structuring of sentence. Old English like you see you d like this is father and the new English father our

3:08 father note syntax has been widely neglected by historical linguists until relatively recently semantic change changes in the meaning of words for example old English may hund is to be called to the dog. New English hound. H O U N D. Hound dogs in general. A particular breed of dog. Method used in the historical linguist. There are two methods used in the historical linguist. In the historical linguistics, number one, the comparative method. The comparative method can be used in

3:55 order to show the major reason for the systematic comparison of languages which is the desire to establish language relationships. We want to determine number one what languages have descended from a common proto language like language family we have studied earlier and how closely these languages are related. Number second point two tendencies make it possible to determine language relationships. Number one tendency is that the form and the meaning of the word is arbitrary. Thus it is reasonable to assume that two or more languages which share similar forms and meaning are related. Now a second tendency is that it sound

4:43 the sounds do not change randomly or regularity. two or more languages which are related will show regular sound correspondences. Number second method the second method of uh is to be called the internal reconstruction in which number one procedure for inferring part of the history of a language from a material available for a synchronic description of the language. The second important point is assumption. First is procedure. Second assumption. Assumption included paradigmatic alomorphy which is not considered as

5:30 original. Number third, it reflects the results of historical developments. By contrasting the irregularity with the regular pattern, we can reconstruct earlier forms. some basic historical linguist terms. Now which the terms which are being used particularly number one is uh historical term is ethmology. The technical term referring to the study of the history of words. Cognates that means words that have descended from one and the same word of the purto language. Ethmological doublates two different words in one language having an identical

6:15 ethmological source. Atimone is the form from which an other developed glass it identifies. In other word, a glass is an explanation or translation of word, morphim or phrase often placed interlinarily between lines of text or in the margin to clarify archic foreign or complex linguistics elements in historical documents. helping scholars understand meaning, structure and grammatical features across time. For example, SG capital is to be known now in a new English is uh is for singular. SG short form that

7:02 is uh for singular and pl for plural.